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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteFirst identify whether Playwright cannot launch a browser or whether a running browser produced a screenshot that differs from its baseline. The first calls for checking Playwright/browser versions, Linux dependencies and Docker runtime; the second usually calls for making baseline generation and test rendering consistent. The title alone does not reveal which failure you have, so use the matching branch below rather than changing Docker settings blindly.
1. Identify the failure type
| What you see | What to inspect next |
|---|---|
| Missing executable, browser launch error, or no browser starts | Playwright and browser versions, browser installation, Linux dependencies, and browser logs. |
| Chromium starts and then crashes in the container | Browser logs and container runtime settings such as process initialization and shared memory. |
toHaveScreenshot() reports a visual mismatch |
Expected and actual images, plus the operating system, browser, fonts, and other conditions used to create the baseline. |
| Only headed tests fail on Linux | Whether a display server is available; headed Linux tests may need Xvfb. |
These are different problems. Docker memory options will not correct a pixel mismatch, and regenerating a visual baseline will not install a missing browser executable.
2. Match Playwright, browser binaries, and the Docker image
Playwright browser binaries are tied to Playwright releases. The Docker image version and the Playwright package used by your project should match; a mismatch can keep Playwright from finding the browser executable. The official Docker guide also notes that its image includes browser binaries and browser system dependencies, but the Playwright package must be installed separately.
- Check the package version in the test project with
npx playwright --version. - Pin the Docker image to the corresponding Playwright version rather than using an unpinned or unrelated image tag.
- Install the browser binaries for that same project version. For Chromium on Linux, use
npx playwright install --with-deps chromium. - Rebuild the image after changing versions or dependencies so the container actually uses the updated setup.
For a custom image, ensure it has Node.js, the required Playwright browser binaries, and the browser’s system dependencies. Playwright documents the browser install and dependency commands in its browser installation guide.
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RUN npx -y playwright@1.63.0 install --with-depsThis illustrates the documented installation pattern; 1.63.0 is not a universal upgrade recommendation. Check the project’s actual Playwright version and install browsers for that version. If the dependency installation is already in your Dockerfile, do not assume it ran successfully: inspect the build output and test the resulting image.
3. Check Linux dependencies and inspect install actions
Browser downloads alone are not sufficient on Linux: browser processes also need operating-system packages. Playwright offers install --with-deps and install-deps for dependencies. If you are unsure what an install command will do, the CLI supports dry runs:
npx playwright install --dry-run
npx playwright install-deps --dry-runOn Linux, the dependency dry run simulates apt-get and exits nonzero if packages are missing. See the Playwright command-line reference for these options. Run installation in the same image used by the test job; installing packages on the host does not install them in a separate container.
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4. Address Chromium crashes only when the symptoms fit
For Chromium in Docker, Playwright documents two runtime options worth checking:
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These settings target container process and memory behavior; they are not general fixes for screenshot comparison failures. For unusual Chromium launch errors during local development, Playwright’s Docker guide also suggests trying --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN as a diagnostic. Do not add elevated capabilities to a production or CI container without considering the security implications.
5. Make visual comparisons reproducible
When the browser runs but the screenshot assertion fails, compare the actual screenshot with its baseline and establish whether they were produced in equivalent environments. Playwright’s visual comparison documentation notes that rendering can vary with host OS, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, headless mode, fonts, and other factors. Browser and platform differences can therefore change pixels without an application regression.
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- Run tests in the same operating system and browser environment used to create the baseline.
- Keep browser versions and rendering settings consistent between baseline generation and CI.
- If you intentionally test multiple browsers or platforms, maintain distinct baselines for those combinations rather than comparing them to one shared image.
- Check whether volatile page content, such as a changing timestamp or rotating content, is inside the asserted screenshot.
Playwright’s toHaveScreenshot() assertion waits for two consecutive screenshots to match before it saves a new reference. Commit and review snapshot files as part of normal code review. Use npx playwright test --update-snapshots only when the visual change is intentional, and inspect the resulting diffs before accepting them.
For genuinely dynamic areas that are outside the visual contract, Playwright documents the stylePath stylesheet option for hiding volatile regions. Use it narrowly: hiding page content can conceal a real regression.
6. Capture browser launch diagnostics
When a browser will not launch, enable Playwright’s browser logging and inspect the output alongside the version and installation checks:
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DEBUG=pw:browser npx playwright testIf running headed tests on Linux, provide a display server. Playwright documents using Xvfb as follows:
xvfb-run npx playwright testThe Playwright Docker image and GitHub Action include Xvfb, according to its CI documentation. A headed run without an available display can fail even when the browser and its dependencies are otherwise installed.
7. Troubleshoot by symptom
| Symptom | Likely area to check | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Playwright cannot find a browser executable | Package, image, and browser binary version mismatch; browser not installed. | Compare npx playwright --version with the pinned image version, then install the matching browser. |
| Browser starts locally but not in the Ubuntu container | Linux system dependencies or image build setup. | Install dependencies in the image with npx playwright install --with-deps chromium, or inspect install-deps --dry-run output. |
| Chromium crashes or exits in Docker | Container process handling or shared-memory-related resource behavior. | Check logs; try Docker --init and --ipc=host where appropriate. |
| Visual assertion fails although the browser runs | Baseline and test environment differ, or the page has volatile content. | Compare browser/platform and rendering conditions; stabilize only content that is intentionally out of scope. |
| Headed run reports a display problem | No X display server is available. | Run through xvfb-run or use an environment with Xvfb. |
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does updating a screenshot baseline fix a browser launch error?
No. Updating snapshots applies to visual comparison output; a launch error requires resolving browser installation, version alignment, dependencies, or runtime setup.
Should I use one Playwright screenshot baseline for Ubuntu and other platforms?
Only if those environments render identically for your test. Playwright documents platform and browser rendering differences, so separate baselines may be needed.
Quick Recap
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