Use a reviewed list of URLs, capture each page with the same browser settings, and save a manifest beside the images. The manifest should identify the requested and final URLs, capture time and timezone, filename, viewport, browser version, and whether each image shows the viewport or the full page. This makes a batch easier to check and interpret; a screenshot alone does not establish what a page showed at another time, prove compliance, or determine legal admissibility.
Prepare the URL list and decide what each record needs to show
Put the public URLs you intend to preserve in a reviewed text file, one URL per line. Decide whether the record needs only the initially visible viewport or the entire scrollable page. For comparisons, use the same viewport and browser settings across the batch. If only a particular section matters, consider capturing that element rather than the whole page.
Do not assume every address will display the expected page: redirects, login prompts, errors, and dynamic content can affect what the browser renders. Keep failed captures in your record rather than silently dropping them.
Batch capture with Playwright
Playwright’s documented page workflow is to launch a browser, create a page, navigate to a URL, write a screenshot to a file path, and close the browser. The script below applies that sequence to each URL and records success or failure in a JSON Lines manifest. Install Playwright and its Chromium browser first, then save the script as capture.mjs.
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npm init -ynpm install playwrightnpx playwright install chromium- Create
urls.txtwith one reviewed public URL per line. - Save the following code as
capture.mjs. - Run
node capture.mjs.
import { chromium } from 'playwright';
import { readFile, appendFile, mkdir } from 'node:fs/promises';
import path from 'node:path';
const urls = (await readFile('urls.txt', 'utf8'))
.split(/r?n/)
.map(line => line.trim())
.filter(line => line && !line.startsWith('#'));
const outputDir = 'screenshots';
const manifestPath = path.join(outputDir, 'manifest.jsonl');
const viewport = { width: 1440, height: 1000 };
const fullPage = true;
await mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true });
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const context = await browser.newContext({ viewport });
const page = await context.newPage();
try {
for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
const requestedUrl = urls[i];
const filename = `${String(i + 1).padStart(4, '0')}.png`;
const imagePath = path.join(outputDir, filename);
const record = {
requestedUrl,
capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
filename,
viewport,
browser: 'Chromium (Playwright)',
fullPage,
};
try {
const response = await page.goto(requestedUrl, {
waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
timeout: 60000,
});
record.finalUrl = page.url();
record.httpStatus = response?.status() ?? null;
await page.screenshot({ path: imagePath, fullPage });
record.result = 'captured';
} catch (error) {
record.finalUrl = page.url();
record.result = 'error';
record.error = String(error);
}
await appendFile(manifestPath, `${JSON.stringify(record)}n`);
console.log(`${record.result}: ${requestedUrl}`);
}
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
The example uses one browser page sequentially, a 1440 × 1000 CSS-pixel viewport, a 60-second navigation timeout, and full-page PNG output. It waits for the DOM content to load, not for every image, script, or network request to finish; pages with late-loading content may need a different readiness condition or an explicit wait. The timestamp is written immediately before each navigation, so it records the start of that URL’s capture attempt in UTC, not an independently verified server timestamp.
The manifest records the final URL after navigation and any returned HTTP status. It does not certify that the page content is complete or authentic. For stronger reproducibility, record the exact Playwright and browser versions used, along with any changes to the script or settings.
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Choose viewport, full-page, element, and scale options
Playwright documents screenshot output paths, image types, scaling, and element targeting in its Page API documentation. Choose the scope based on what your record is intended to show, and store the choice in the manifest.
| Choice | What it captures | Useful when |
|---|---|---|
| Viewport | The currently visible browser viewport. | You need a consistent view of what appeared without scrolling. |
| Full page | The full scrollable page, using fullPage: true. |
The record should include content below the initial screen. |
| Selected element | A targeted element, such as a content area selected by a locator. | A particular page component matters more than surrounding navigation or layout. |
| CSS-pixel scale | Output scaled to CSS pixels. | You want smaller, comparable captures at the configured viewport dimensions. |
| Device-pixel scale | Output at device-pixel density. | Higher-density image output is useful and larger files are acceptable. |
For an element capture, use a locator and its screenshot method—for example, await page.locator('main').screenshot({ path: imagePath }). Check that the selector identifies the intended content on every site in your list; a selector that works on one government site may not exist on another.
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PNG is the default in the example. Playwright also documents JPEG and WebP output; set the screenshot type explicitly when using those formats. Keep the chosen format consistent if images will be compared. Image format and scale can change file size and visual detail, so retain the original capture settings in the manifest.
Keep a useful manifest and review the batch
A manifest makes an image identifiable without relying on filenames or memory. The example emits one JSON object per line, which is convenient for appending records as the batch runs. At minimum, include:
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- The requested URL and final URL after redirects.
- A capture timestamp with timezone.
- The image filename and whether capture succeeded.
- Viewport dimensions, browser and version, image type, scale, and viewport-versus-full-page choice.
- HTTP status or the error encountered, when available.
After the run, compare the URL list, manifest rows, and files. Open the images and confirm they show the expected page rather than a login screen, error, or unexpected redirect. Inspect long-page images for missing lower content. Dynamic pages may change while they are being captured; a screenshot records a rendered visual state, not all underlying page data or server behavior.
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What screenshots can and cannot establish
A screenshot can help preserve the rendered appearance observed by a browser at a particular capture time, especially when paired with URL and settings metadata. It does not, by itself, establish the page’s earlier appearance, prove compliance with the Guidelines for Indian Government Websites and apps (GIGW), or determine whether it is legally admissible. The appropriate requirements depend on the administrative or legal purpose; consult applicable primary guidance for that use rather than treating an image as proof on its own.
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