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Set deviceScaleFactor on the browser context before creating a page, then choose the screenshot’s pixel grid with scale. Use scale: 'device' for output at the emulated device-pixel density, or scale: 'css' for one output pixel per CSS pixel.
Set the device scale factor before capturing
In a standalone Playwright script, pass deviceScaleFactor when creating the browser context. Configure the viewport in the same context so the CSS dimensions are explicit.
import { chromium } from '@playwright/test';
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const context = await browser.newContext({
viewport: { width: 1280, height: 720 },
deviceScaleFactor: 2,
});
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await page.screenshot({ path: 'screenshot.png', scale: 'device' });
await browser.close();
The context option emulates the page’s device pixel ratio (DPR); the screenshot option determines whether the output uses CSS pixels or device pixels. Playwright documents deviceScaleFactor as a context-level setting with a default of 1. See the BrowserType API and Page API.
Choose CSS-pixel or device-pixel output
For a 1280 × 720 CSS viewport and a factor of 2, scale: 'css' targets the CSS-pixel grid, while scale: 'device' targets the emulated device-pixel grid. The latter can produce an image twice as wide and twice as tall for this setup. Actual capture dimensions depend on the viewport and screenshot mode.
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| Screenshot setting | Pixel grid | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
scale: 'css' |
One output pixel per CSS pixel | When you want output dimensions tied to the page’s CSS viewport, typically a more compact image. |
scale: 'device' |
One output pixel per emulated device pixel | When you want higher-density output reflecting the configured DPR. |
The Page API documents device as the default screenshot scale. Set scale explicitly when dimensions matter so the intended pixel grid is clear. Playwright Page API
Configure Playwright Test
Set the factor in the test configuration’s use options to apply it to the project’s browser contexts:
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import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test';
export default defineConfig({
use: {
viewport: { width: 1280, height: 720 },
deviceScaleFactor: 2,
},
});
For a narrower scope, configure the relevant test scope with test.use() instead of changing every project. The device emulation guide also shows using device presets alongside viewport configuration. If you spread a device preset and need a different viewport, place your viewport override after the spread so it takes precedence. Playwright device emulation
Pick a factor that matches the test
Use 1 when the test should emulate standard-density output, and a larger value when the test needs a high-DPI context. Playwright’s emulation example uses 2, but that is an example rather than a universal recommendation. Keep the context factor and screenshot scale aligned with what the test is intended to verify.
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Make visual regression captures reproducible
A device scale factor alone does not make screenshots deterministic. Rendering can vary with the operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode. Keep the browser and execution environment steady between baseline generation and comparison, and keep the viewport, context options, and screenshot scale consistent. Playwright visual comparisons
Troubleshoot unexpected dimensions or output
- The image is twice the viewport dimensions: with a factor of 2 and
scale: 'device', output is on the device-pixel grid. Usescale: 'css'if you need CSS-pixel dimensions. - The intended DPR is not applied: check that
deviceScaleFactoris set on the context before the page is created, or in the applicable Playwright Testusescope. - Tests differ despite matching dimensions: compare browser version, OS, headless mode, and other execution conditions; these can affect rendering even when the viewport and scale factor match.
- Behavior differs by browser engine or version: verify the option behavior against the documentation for your installed Playwright version and chosen engine. The cited API references define the settings but do not establish identical behavior for every engine and release.
Or skip the browser setup
For a screenshot through an API, ScreenshotNeo accepts a URL in one GET request and can return an image or PDF. Its API parameters include device presets and retina scale. Cookie banners are accepted and removed before capture, along with known newsletter popups and chat widgets; those cleanup steps can be turned off. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and responses identify the page verdict and billing status in headers. Its MCP server offers screenshot tools for AI agents.
Example cURL request (replace the key and target URL):
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curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com -o shot.webp
See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. The free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 screenshots. ScreenshotNeo is an option when you want a hosted capture rather than managing a Playwright browser context. Sign up for 1,000 free screenshots a month, with no card.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does `deviceScaleFactor` change the CSS viewport size?
No. It sets the emulated device pixel ratio for the browser context; the viewport width and height are separate context settings.
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Which screenshot scale should I use for a compact image?
Use `scale: ‘css’` when you want one output pixel per CSS pixel.
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