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NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation on October 7, 2025, to examine reports that Tesla Full Self-Driving (FSD) sometimes makes maneuvers that violate traffic laws. The opening estimate covers 2,882,566 Teslas equipped with FSD (Supervised) or FSD (Beta). The agency is investigating alleged behavior—not announcing that it has proven a defect or ordered a recall. NHTSA classifies FSD as Level 2 driver assistance, so the driver remains responsible for supervising the vehicle and obeying traffic laws.
What is NHTSA investigating?
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Preliminary Evaluation PE25012 under the subject “Traffic safety violations while Full Self Driving ("FSD") is engaged.” ODI says it is assessing the “scope, frequency, and potential safety consequences” of FSD maneuvers that may violate traffic-safety rules. The opening resume, dated October 7, 2025, estimates that 2,882,566 vehicles equipped with FSD (Supervised) or FSD (Beta) are in scope.
The reported conduct is not limited to one kind of mistake. NHTSA’s opening resume identifies complaints and incident reports about entering intersections against red lights, changing lanes into opposing traffic, making wrong-way turns, crossing double-yellow lines, and failing to follow lane-use rules—for example, going straight from a turn-only lane or turning from a through lane.
What incidents and counts did NHTSA report?
Incidents summarized when the evaluation opened
In its 2025 opening resume, NHTSA ODI counted 58 total incidents, including 14 crashes or fires, 10 injury incidents, and 23 reported injuries. That summary listed no fatalities. These are the figures in the opening-resume summary, not a finding that every reported event was caused by FSD.
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Red-light reports
ODI identified 18 complaints and one media report alleging that FSD failed to remain stopped at a red light, failed to stop fully, or did not correctly detect or display a signal’s state. Some complainants said FSD gave no warning about what it was about to do. ODI also identified six Standing General Order (SGO) reports in which a Tesla went through a red light and then crashed; four of those crashes involved one or more reported injuries.
Several incidents were reported at the same intersection in Joppa, Maryland. NHTSA said that pattern might indicate repeatability and understood that Tesla had taken action at that intersection. The agency’s account does not establish the nature of Tesla’s action or whether it resolved the reported behavior.
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Opposing traffic and lane-use reports
For alleged moves into opposing lanes, ODI identified two SGO reports, 18 complaints, and two media reports. For alleged violations involving turn-only or through lanes, it identified four SGO reports, six complaints, and one media report. These categories can overlap: one incident may allege more than one type of failure.
Why a later count differs
The Associated Press reported on January 16, 2026, that NHTSA had granted Tesla a five-week extension to respond. AP said a December 3, 2025, NHTSA letter referred to 62 complaints, compared with the 58 incidents in the October opening summary, and described a scope of about 2.9 million vehicles. The figures use different descriptions and dates; the cited accounts do not provide a direct reconciliation, so they should not be treated as interchangeable totals.
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What is NHTSA trying to determine?
PE25012 is examining whether FSD can recognize relevant road signals and markings, comply with them, and give drivers enough warning to intervene if it does not. In particular, ODI says it is assessing:
- Whether drivers received warnings and adequate time to respond before a reported violation.
- Whether FSD correctly detected and displayed traffic-signal states.
- Whether it detected lane markings and signs indicating wrong-way travel.
- Whether Tesla software updates affected compliance with traffic laws.
NHTSA also says it may consider related violations near opposing traffic or railroad crossings if evidence arises. These are questions the evaluation is designed to examine, not conclusions that the system has failed in every listed way.
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Is this an FSD recall or a final defect finding?
No. PE25012 is a preliminary evaluation, an investigative stage rather than a recall order or final determination that a safety defect exists. The cited PE25012 record does not document a final defect finding, recall order, or closure as of October 2, 2026. NHTSA may seek information and assess the evidence as an investigation proceeds; the opening of an evaluation alone does not establish what the agency will ultimately conclude.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Does the driver remain responsible when FSD is engaged?
Yes. NHTSA describes FSD (Supervised) and FSD (Beta) as SAE Level 2 partial-automation systems. Its opening resume says Tesla characterizes FSD as requiring a “fully attentive driver who is engaged in the driving task at all times.” NHTSA also states: “The driver remains fully responsible at all times for driving the vehicle, including complying with applicable traffic laws.” The investigation does not change that stated responsibility.
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How is this different from NHTSA’s visibility investigation?
A separate NHTSA proceeding concerns FSD’s response when its cameras have degraded visibility. It is related because it examines driver warnings and FSD behavior, but it is not the traffic-law evaluation and its crash and injury figures must not be added to PE25012’s totals.
| Proceeding | Stage and subject | Evidence or figures stated by NHTSA |
|---|---|---|
| PE25012, opened October 7, 2025 | Preliminary Evaluation of alleged traffic-law violations while FSD is engaged. | Opening estimate: 2,882,566 FSD-equipped vehicles. The 2025 opening resume lists 58 incidents, 14 crashes or fires, 10 injury incidents, 23 injuries, and no fatalities. |
| EA26002, opened March 18, 2026 | Engineering Analysis of whether FSD’s degradation-detection system detects glare and airborne obscurants and warns the driver in time. | The 2026 opening resume lists 9 incidents and 9 crashes or fires, with 2 injury incidents, 1 injury, and 1 fatality. An affected-population estimate is not stated in that opening-resume summary. |
In EA26002, ODI says FSD relies exclusively on vision-based cameras. NHTSA states that, in the crashes it reviewed, the system did not detect impaired camera visibility or alert the driver until immediately before the crash, and that FSD lost track of or never detected a lead vehicle in each reviewed crash. Those are statements about the crashes reviewed for EA26002, not findings about all FSD-equipped Teslas or the PE25012 traffic-law allegations.
EA26002 followed earlier work under PE24031. In an information request dated November 5, 2024, ODI focused on four crashes involving reduced visibility from sun glare, fog, or airborne dust, including one fatality. PE24031’s focus on visibility preceded the separate engineering analysis; neither proceeding is the traffic-law evaluation.
What should Tesla drivers take from this?
The reports concern potentially serious driving situations, but they are allegations under investigation, not a determination that every FSD trip or vehicle is affected. NHTSA’s stated Level 2 framing means drivers should remain fully attentive, monitor the road, and be prepared to take control; engaging FSD does not transfer responsibility for following signals, signs, or lane markings.
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