Yes. VHDL-AMS can model a battery charger by combining continuous electrical behavior—such as terminal voltage and current—with event-driven controller logic for charge modes and protection. The key is to define how those two parts interact, handle discontinuities explicitly, and check that the target simulator supports the device models you need.
What VHDL-AMS contributes to a charger model
VHDL-AMS is the analog, digital, and mixed-signal extension of VHDL defined by IEEE 1076.1. The 2017 edition updates the language alongside IEEE 1076-2008. IEEE describes it as a language for describing and simulating analog, digital, and mixed-signal systems.
For a charger, the language lets one model represent both the continuous electrical network and the controller that changes its behavior in response to events or measured conditions. VHDL-AMS models lumped physical systems with ordinary differential and algebraic equations. The language specifies required simulation results rather than prescribing one numerical solution method, so solver behavior remains an important simulator choice.
How to divide the charger and battery model
Electrical power path and interfaces
Start by defining the charger, battery, sensors, and load as connected electrical terminals. Use the simulator’s conservative electrical quantities—typically voltage across a branch and current through it—to express how energy and signals pass between those elements. Keep the controller’s sensed quantities and its control outputs explicit: for example, measured battery voltage or current on the input side, and a command that changes the power stage or charge mode on the output side.
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Battery behavior at the needed level
Choose the battery model according to the design question. A system-level charger study may need a state-of-charge state equation driven by battery current and a voltage relation that reflects the chosen battery abstraction. A deeper electrochemical model may be warranted when internal cell behavior is itself part of the question. Avoid adding parameters that do not affect the decision being studied, and do not treat a model calibrated for one chemistry as interchangeable with another.
Published VHDL-AMS examples span different levels of detail: George Overton’s 2001 EE Times article describes a parameterized NiCd battery model used with a fast-charge controller, while a 2012 SAE paper by Hu, Lin, and Stanton applies VHDL-AMS to a physics-based Newman lithium-ion cell model. These examples demonstrate different modeling choices; they do not establish that either model is suitable for every charger or battery.
Controller behavior
Represent the control algorithm using VHDL or VHDL-AMS logic, then connect it to the analog model through defined interfaces. The controller can express such behaviors as switching between charge modes, responding to sensed thresholds, and stopping or changing operation when a termination or protection condition is met. Keep the threshold values, state transitions, and their interaction with the electrical power path visible enough to inspect in simulation.
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Why discontinuity handling matters
A controller state change can cause an abrupt change in a modeled quantity, even while the surrounding electrical system is described continuously. VHDL-AMS requires discontinuities to be handled explicitly. In the 2001 charger case study, Overton explains that a break statement makes the analog solver resume at the same simulation time and recalculate quantities after a discontinuity. The article warns that a model with a quantity discontinuity at a particular time and no executed break is erroneous.
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A practical modeling workflow
- Define the circuit boundary. Specify the charger power-path terminals, battery terminals, sensors, and load, along with the voltage and current quantities exchanged across each interface.
- Select the battery abstraction. Implement only the state equations and electrical behavior needed to answer the design question. State the chemistry and assumptions represented by the model.
- Implement the controller. Express mode logic, sensing, thresholds, and termination behavior in VHDL or VHDL-AMS, with explicit interfaces to the analog quantities.
- Handle state-change discontinuities. Locate transitions that abruptly change quantities and use
breakas required so the analog solver recalculates at the transition time. - Add detailed device models selectively. Before relying on vendor, SPICE-derived, or other foreign models, check how the target simulator imports and executes them and whether they will remain usable in any export or co-simulation workflow.
- Exercise the design across conditions. Sweep source voltage, temperature, initial state of charge, component tolerances, and charge-termination thresholds. Inspect both waveforms and protection behavior; compare with measured data when it is available.
Simulator support and portability
Language support alone does not guarantee that a charger model will run unchanged across tools. Discrete-component models may be unavailable, and SPICE or other foreign-model integration depends on the simulator. In the EE Times case study, Mentor Graphics ADVanceMS was used for a model that combined analog, digital, VHDL-AMS, SPICE, and C-function capabilities. That is a report of a 2001 project, not evidence about current product availability or present-day feature support.
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Ansys Twin Builder documentation describes Basic Elements VHDL-AMS libraries with circuit and block models, including a rectifier-bridge and smoothing-capacitor example, and documents exporting VHDL-AMS models to ASCII netlists. Ansys also cautions that netlists containing foreign models in most cases cannot be used with other VHDL-AMS simulators without manually replacing those models. Check current documentation for the specific version and workflow you intend to use.
| Capability to compare | Why it matters for a charger |
|---|---|
| IEEE 1076.1 language coverage | Confirm that the simulator supports the VHDL-AMS constructs used in the model, including analog quantities and event-driven behavior. |
| Analog solver behavior | Battery equations and switched charger circuits can place demands on the solver; assess whether it handles the model’s equations and discontinuities reliably. |
| SPICE and foreign-model integration | Determine whether required vendor or circuit models can be used, and whether their integration is specific to one simulator. |
| Model-library breadth | Check whether suitable circuit and block models are available or must be built separately. |
| Export and co-simulation portability | Find out whether exported models retain their behavior in another tool, particularly when they contain foreign models. |
| Debugging and parameter sweeps | Assess how easily you can inspect state transitions, trace solver behavior, and automate the operating-condition sweeps needed for the design. |
What published examples establish—and what they do not
Overton’s 2001 EE Times article reports converting a Maxim 2003 fast-charge controller and a parameterized NiCd battery model to VHDL-AMS, then simulating the charger circuit. It is a concrete example of combining controller behavior and a battery representation in one mixed-signal simulation.
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Hu, Lin, and Stanton’s 2012 SAE paper reports implementing a physics-based Newman lithium-ion cell model in VHDL-AMS in less than two days. That is an implementation-time report, not a charger-accuracy benchmark. The cited examples do not publish a charger-specific accuracy percentage, convergence statistic, or laboratory-correlation result. Treat any claim of predictive accuracy as something that must be demonstrated for the particular model and application, not inferred from the existence of a published simulation.
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