Yes. Citizen Lab concluded that NSO Group customers widely deployed at least three zero-click exploit chains against civil-society targets using iOS 15 and iOS 16 in 2022: PWNYOURHOME, FINDMYPWN and LATENTIMAGE. The report, published April 18, 2023, was based on forensic investigations that began with infections among members of Mexican human-rights organization Centro PRODH and expanded to other Pegasus victims.
What Citizen Lab found
A zero-click attack does not require the target to tap a link, open an attachment or otherwise interact with a malicious message. Citizen Lab’s Report No. 165 identified three distinct iOS exploit chains that it attributed to NSO Group customer activity in 2022. The report described these as widely deployed against civil-society targets around the world; it did not claim that every iPhone running the affected iOS versions was infected.
The three names refer to exploit chains, not three separate spyware products. Citizen Lab found that the chains could use Apple services or processes as entry points and then launch Pegasus. Its findings also indicate that the attackers worked to remove forensic traces from iPhone logs, making infections harder to identify after the fact.
How PWNYOURHOME, FINDMYPWN and LATENTIMAGE differed
| Exploit chain | Observed deployment and iOS | Initial surface and subsequent stage | Victim evidence described by Citizen Lab |
|---|---|---|---|
| PWNYOURHOME | Beginning in October 2022; iOS 15 and iOS 16. Citizen Lab observed a zero-day deployment on iOS 16.0.3. | Appears to be a two-step chain: HomeKit, involving the homed process, followed by iMessage, involving MessagesBlastDoorService. |
Identified among the attacks investigated by Citizen Lab; the report’s summarized victim details here do not specify a named PWNYOURHOME victim. |
| FINDMYPWN | Beginning in June 2022; iOS 15. Citizen Lab observed zero-day deployments on iOS 15.5 and 15.6. | Appears to be a two-step chain: Find My, involving the fmfd process, followed by iMessage. |
Citizen Lab found infections of two Centro PRODH staff members in Mexico. Jorge Santiago Aguirre Espinosa was infected at least twice, in June and July 2022; María Luisa Aguilar Rodríguez was infected three times, in June and September 2022. |
| LATENTIMAGE | Found in a case dated January 17, 2022; iOS 15. | A distinct zero-click chain that launched Pegasus through SpringBoard. Citizen Lab could not determine whether Find My was the initial vector. | The chain left few traces. The summarized report findings do not identify a named victim for this case. |
“Appears to be” matters for the two-step descriptions: Citizen Lab reconstructed the chains from forensic evidence, but some technical details were not established in the report. It also withheld indicators and vulnerability details, so the evidence does not support ranking one chain as universally more powerful than the others.
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How Citizen Lab connected the attacks
The investigation began with forensic examinations of iPhones belonging to members of Centro PRODH, including two staff members whose work involved human-rights violations and the Ayotzinapa case. Citizen Lab identified Pegasus infections and then expanded its examination to a broader pool of people targeted in 2022. The resulting analysis connected distinct traces to the three chains and their use of Apple services or system processes.
The Mexico cases illustrate why forensic analysis mattered: the same chain, FINDMYPWN, was used repeatedly against both staff members over several months. Citizen Lab also reported efforts to remove traces from iPhone logs. That can make retrospective detection more difficult; an absence of obvious logs alone should not be treated as proof that a device was never targeted.
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Which iOS versions were affected?
Citizen Lab reported deployments involving iOS 15 and iOS 16, but its observations should be read as evidence about specific cases—not a complete list of every affected version or a claim that all devices on those versions were vulnerable. It specifically observed FINDMYPWN zero-day deployments on iOS 15.5 and 15.6, and a PWNYOURHOME zero-day deployment on iOS 16.0.3. The report dated LATENTIMAGE to a January 17, 2022 case on iOS 15.
Here, “zero-day” describes an exploit deployed before the relevant vulnerability had been patched; “zero-click” describes the lack of required user interaction. They are related but different properties. Citizen Lab’s findings identify observed zero-day use for particular deployments, not a universal vulnerability status for every version of iOS 15 or iOS 16.
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What Apple did, and what Lockdown Mode showed
Citizen Lab shared artifacts with Apple in October 2022 and January 2023. Apple later included several HomeKit security improvements in iOS 16.3.1. Keeping iOS updated is a practical mitigation because security updates can address vulnerabilities and harden services attackers target.
For a brief period, devices running iOS 16 with Lockdown Mode enabled received real-time warnings during PWNYOURHOME attempts. Citizen Lab had not observed a successful PWNYOURHOME exploitation on devices with Lockdown Mode enabled. That is evidence about the observed attempts, not a guarantee that Lockdown Mode prevents every Pegasus attack or every spyware exploit.
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Apple has also publicly described its response to FORCEDENTRY, a separate Pegasus campaign. In its first-party account, Apple said attackers used Apple IDs to send malicious data that installed Pegasus without the victim’s knowledge, and that FORCEDENTRY exploited a vulnerability that has since been patched. Apple highlighted BlastDoor upgrades and urged users to install current software. FORCEDENTRY provides context for Apple’s defenses against spyware, but it is not one of the three 2022 chains named in Citizen Lab’s report.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the two-step chains matter for security design
PWNYOURHOME and FINDMYPWN used two separate remote attack surfaces on a single iPhone: one associated with HomeKit or Find My, followed by iMessage. Citizen Lab argued that developers should consider all the surfaces reachable through a single identifier as one security surface. The practical implication is that security review should account not only for the first service contacted, but also for how linked services and processes can be reached and combined in an attack.
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