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If a Solana transaction says “failed” or stays pending, check its signature and on-chain status before retrying. A wallet notice or spinner alone cannot tell you whether the transaction was never observed, is still waiting, or reached a program and failed. The right fix depends on the evidence: logs point to instruction problems, while an expired blockhash or lagging RPC node calls for a different response.
Start by checking whether the transaction landed
- Find the transaction signature. Copy it from your wallet or application. The signature is the identifier to use for a status or transaction lookup.
- Look it up through an RPC service or explorer. Solana’s getTransaction method retrieves transaction details by signature. Check status and, if details are available, the transaction error and logs.
- Do not retry blindly if no details appear. A missing result from one endpoint does not prove the transaction failed or never landed; a lagging node may have an incomplete view. Check a healthy endpoint and verify that it is connected to the intended cluster before deciding whether a replacement is needed.
A repeated submission can also be rejected because a status cache reports AlreadyProcessed. Establish what happened to the original signature before initiating an action that could duplicate the operation.
Use the error and logs to identify the failure stage
Solana transactions pass through validation, fee-payer checks, account loading, instruction execution, and commit. An error at one stage calls for a different fix than an instruction failure. The transaction pipeline documentation describes errors including a missing fee payer, insufficient fee balance, an invalid fee-payer account, a missing invoked program, invalid compute-budget instructions, and blockhash errors.
Inspect simulation or preflight output
simulateTransaction can return an error and program logs, along with other details such as compute consumed. A sendTransaction preflight failure returns a sparser subset of information in its error data. During development, keep preflight enabled and use the output to locate the failing instruction instead of repeatedly sending an unchanged transaction.
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Match the remedy to the error
- Fee-payer error: Check that the fee payer exists, is an allowed account type, and has enough SOL for the required fees. An applicable rent-exempt minimum may also affect the balance required.
- Missing program or account/instruction error: Check that the invoked program and required accounts are correct, and that the instruction has the needed inputs and authority. If execution reached a program, use its logs to identify the failing instruction or program-specific condition.
- Compute-budget error: Check that compute-budget instructions are valid and that the requested compute limit is appropriate for the transaction.
- Blockhash error: Check whether the blockhash is still valid and whether the RPC node recognizes it; see the blockhash and RPC checks below.
Check whether the recent blockhash expired
A recent blockhash is part of the signed transaction message. Solana checks its age; when it is no longer in the blockhash queue and is not a valid durable nonce, the transaction can fail with BlockhashNotFound. A new blockhash changes the message, so it cannot simply be inserted into an already signed transaction while retaining the old signature.
Solana documentation describes recent-blockhash validity as roughly 150 blocks or about 60–90 seconds in production guidance; its confirmation guide gives a maximum age of 151 blocks and notes that this may pass in about a minute at target slot timing. These are operational estimates, not a guaranteed timer. For applications, record the returned lastValidBlockHeight and use block height—not elapsed wall-clock time—to determine expiry.
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- Before signing: Fetch a recent blockhash close to the time the transaction will be signed, and retain its
lastValidBlockHeight. - While waiting: Check the transaction signature and monitor block height against that last-valid height.
- After expiry: If the transaction did not land, rebuild it with a fresh blockhash and obtain the required authorization or signature for the changed message. First check the original signature so the replacement does not accidentally repeat an operation that already succeeded.
Solana’s production-readiness guidance covers expiry tracking and rebuilding; the confirmation and expiration guide explains the validity window and commitment considerations.
Rule out RPC lag and commitment mismatch
An RPC node that is behind may not yet recognize a blockhash fetched from another node. If an application retrieves a blockhash through one endpoint and simulates or sends through another, a lagging receiver can return a misleading BlockhashNotFound or delay forwarding. A single node’s missing result is not enough to conclude that a transaction is absent.
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- Check that the RPC endpoint is healthy and on the intended cluster.
- Use the same commitment level for blockhash retrieval and
preflightCommitment. - Solana’s confirmation guidance generally recommends
confirmedfor fetching a blockhash: it is close toprocessedwhile less likely to come from a dropped fork. A more finalized blockhash trades away part of the short validity window. - Verify status through a healthy endpoint before rebuilding or retrying.
Understand fees when a transaction fails
The fee payer is charged before execution, so Solana’s documentation states that the fee is still charged when a transaction fails. The documented base fee is 5,000 lamports per signature; the actual total depends on the number of signatures and transaction configuration. An optional prioritization fee can add to the cost. See Solana’s fees documentation and fee structure.
A priority fee can help a leader schedule a transaction ahead of competitors, but it cannot correct an expired blockhash, invalid account, missing signature, or failing program condition, and it does not guarantee that a transaction will land. For legacy and v0 transactions, the documented prioritization fee is based on compute-unit price multiplied by the requested compute-unit limit, rounded up to lamports. Because the requested limit—not actual compute consumed—is used, an unnecessarily high limit can increase the fee.
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Choose a fix based on what you find
| Check or remedy | Use it when | Evidence to inspect |
|---|---|---|
| Signature lookup | You need to establish whether the transaction landed or failed | Status and transaction details |
| Simulation or preflight | You suspect invalid instructions, accounts, or program conditions | Error, logs, and compute consumed |
| Fresh blockhash and expiry tracking | The transaction is expired or nearing expiry | Blockhash and lastValidBlockHeight |
| RPC and commitment check | A hash is reported unknown, forwarding is delayed, or endpoints disagree | Endpoint health, cluster, and matching commitment |
| Compute limit or priority fee adjustment | Network competition or insufficient compute budget is the likely issue | Estimated compute use, requested limit, and fee configuration |
Prevent repeat failures in an application
- Fetch the blockhash close to signing, and retain its last-valid block height.
- Use matching commitment settings for blockhash retrieval and preflight; keep preflight enabled during development.
- Simulate during development and inspect the returned error and logs before sending.
- Estimate compute needs and set a suitable limit. The documented maximum is 1,400,000 compute units per transaction; a high requested limit can raise the prioritization fee even when actual usage is lower.
- Use a competitive priority fee when congestion is the likely problem, without treating it as a fix for transaction errors or a guarantee of confirmation.
- Track block height so the application can detect expiry and prompt a rebuild. Do not automatically authorize a changed transaction on a user’s behalf when the new message requires the user’s signature.
Solana’s production-readiness page includes implementation examples using @solana/kit. SDK interfaces can change, so consult the current documentation for code-level details.
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