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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFor a new .NET test project, this tutorial follows the current xUnit.net v3 getting-started path: create a project with the xUnit v3 template, write a [Fact] for one expected behavior, add a [Theory] for multiple inputs, and run the project with its configured test runner. The commands below are specific to the v3 template path; existing v2 projects should use the v2 guidance instead.
Choose the xUnit version and runner first
xUnit.net is a unit-testing framework for C#, F#, and Visual Basic. The new-project walkthrough here uses xUnit.net v3. The official v3 guide describes support for .NET 8 or later and .NET Framework 4.7.2 or later; .NET Framework is officially supported only on Windows. Check the current getting-started guide and migration guidance before pinning package or SDK versions, because the guide’s example versions are a dated snapshot, not a permanent recommendation.
There are two runner paths to distinguish. The v3 template’s documented default uses Microsoft Testing Platform (MTP). If you need VSTest integration, the documented setup uses xunit.runner.visualstudio and Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk. Do not mix these package instructions without choosing the corresponding runner configuration.
Create a v3 test project
Install the official templates, create a test project, and run the generated example. The templates are available for C#, F#, and VB.NET.
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Install the templates:
dotnet new install xunit.v3.templates -
Create a project:
dotnet new xunit3 -n Example.Tests -
Enter the project directory:
cd Example.Tests -
Run the project:
dotnet run
The generated v3 project uses the xunit.v3.mtp-v2 template configuration. The project is a stand-alone executable, rather than the library-plus-runner arrangement used by v2. See the official v3 setup instructions for current template options.
When the solution uses VSTest
If your intended workflow is VSTest—such as using Visual Studio Test Explorer or Visual Studio Code’s Testing panel—follow the adapter setup documented by xUnit.net. The needed packages are xunit.runner.visualstudio and Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk; run the test project with dotnet test. The project configuration and runner must agree: the standalone v3 template’s default dotnet run path is not interchangeable with an unconfigured VSTest setup. Consult the v3 getting-started guide and the test-running guidance for the selected path.
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Write a first test with [Fact]
A test should make a behavioral claim that can fail for a meaningful reason. For example, suppose a small service decides whether an integer is prime. A fact can check one straightforward prime input:
using Xunit;
public class PrimeServiceTests
{
[Fact]
public void IsPrime_Seven_ReturnsTrue()
{
var service = new PrimeService();
Assert.True(service.IsPrime(7));
}
}This example assumes the application has a PrimeService class with an IsPrime(int) method. The test’s name records the input and expected outcome, while the assertion checks the result visible to a caller. A placeholder such as Assert.True(true) passes without testing application behavior.
Use a test-first loop
-
Write a test describing one behavior that the method should provide.
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Run the test and confirm that it fails for the expected reason—for example, the method is not implemented or returns the wrong value.
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Implement the smallest change that makes the behavior pass.
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Run the test again, then add tests for other important cases.
Microsoft Learn’s C# xUnit tutorial uses a prime-checking service to demonstrate this test-first approach. The goal is not to write tests that pass at any cost; a useful failing result first shows that the test can detect a missing or incorrect behavior.
Use [Theory] for cases that share one rule
The xUnit.net documentation puts the distinction this way: “Facts are tests which are always true. They test invariant conditions.” The same documentation describes theories as tests that are true for a particular set of data. Use a [Theory] when the same logic should be checked with several inputs, rather than copying nearly identical test methods.
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using Xunit;
public class PrimeServiceTests
{
[Theory]
[InlineData(2)]
[InlineData(3)]
[InlineData(5)]
[InlineData(7)]
public void IsPrime_PrimeNumber_ReturnsTrue(int value)
{
var service = new PrimeService();
Assert.True(service.IsPrime(value));
}
[Theory]
[InlineData(0)]
[InlineData(1)]
[InlineData(4)]
[InlineData(9)]
public void IsPrime_NonPrimeNumber_ReturnsFalse(int value)
{
var service = new PrimeService();
Assert.False(service.IsPrime(value));
}
}Each [InlineData] row supplies an argument to the same test method. A runner reports each theory data set as an individual test, so a failure identifies the case to inspect. Here, the two theories check both sides of the rule, including 0 and 1, which are not prime.
Run tests and interpret failures
For the v3 standalone template in this walkthrough, run dotnet run from the test project directory. For a VSTest-configured project, use dotnet test. Microsoft’s tutorial also demonstrates a solution workflow with separate application and test projects; in that setup, run the solution’s tests with the runner and project configuration you selected.
When a test fails, read the reported test name and case, then compare the expected and actual values. A failing assertion is evidence about the behavior covered by that test, not proof that every other behavior is correct. Fix the implementation or correct the test only after checking that its expected result matches the intended rule. With theories, use the reported input to narrow the failure to a particular data row.
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The template command is not recognized: Confirm that the .NET SDK is installed and that
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The project targets an unsupported framework: The v3 guide’s stated minimums are .NET 8 and .NET Framework 4.7.2. Check the project’s target framework and the current compatibility documentation; .NET Framework support is Windows-only.
-
dotnet testdoes not discover tests: Verify that the project is configured for VSTest and includesxunit.runner.visualstudioandMicrosoft.NET.Test.Sdk. The default v3 template is configured for MTP, so select and configure the intended runner rather than assuming every command works with every template. -
An assertion fails with an unexpected value: Check the test’s inputs and expected result, then inspect the method’s behavior for that case. A theory failure should identify the data row that produced it.
-
You are applying these steps to a v2 project: Stop before changing package references or runner setup. V2 projects are library projects that depend on a runner, whereas v3 projects are standalone executables; use the v2 getting-started guide or review the migration guidance for a deliberate upgrade.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use xUnit.net with languages other than C#?
Yes. xUnit.net supports C#, F#, and Visual Basic.
Does each [InlineData] row count as a separate test?
Yes. A runner reports each theory data set as an individual test.
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