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Neither is automatically wrong. The code shows what the system currently does; an approved requirement or product decision records what it is supposed to do. Find and validate that intended behavior, then identify which artifact—or decision process—diverged.
Why the mismatch does not settle the question
Running code is evidence of current behavior, not proof that behavior is intended. A design document is not conclusive simply because it states a behavior: it may be stale, unapproved, ambiguous, or out of step with validated stakeholder needs.
Start with the authoritative, current statement of intent: a requirement, user need, acceptance criterion, approved decision, or applicable external specification. Establish its owner, version, approval date, and rationale. NASA guidance calls for identifying inconsistencies among requirements, project plans, and software products and initiating corrective action; it also treats validation against customer needs as part of requirements work. NASA NPR 7150.2 is agency guidance, so check whether it applies to your project rather than assuming every software team is bound by it. NASA NPR 7150.2
If you cannot establish which decision is authoritative, the underlying problem may be unclear requirements or weak change control—not simply a bad design document or a coding mistake.
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How to resolve the disagreement
- Describe the mismatch precisely. State the behavior you observed, the expected behavior in question, and the affected flow, interface, configuration, and software version. Reproduce the result where possible; avoid arguing about “the design” in the abstract.
- Trace intended behavior to evidence. Find the requirement, user need, acceptance criterion, approved decision, or external specification that governs the behavior. Record who owns it, which version was approved, when it was approved, and why. Home Office engineering guidance emphasizes linking requirements to evidence and rationale. Home Office: Design from evidence
- Classify the divergence. Determine whether code drifted from an unchanged requirement; documentation failed to reflect an approved change; the requirement changed but related artifacts did not; requirements conflict; or ambiguity permits multiple interpretations. NASA traceability guidance identifies both design elements not represented in code and code without a parent design element as issues to investigate—not automatic proof of which side is wrong. NASA Software Engineering Handbook: Software Requirements Traceability
- Validate unclear intent before changing anything. Ask the responsible product or system owner and affected stakeholders which outcome meets the need. A requirement can itself be incomplete or wrong; do not treat the first document you find as the final answer.
- Approve a disposition. If intent is clear and current, correct whichever artifact diverges. If the intended behavior has changed, approve the requirement or design change and assess its impact before changing code. If the answer is still uncertain, record an open decision and its owner instead of silently making one interpretation authoritative. In standards work, even a change intended to remove ambiguity can affect implementation requirements; the W3C process illustrates why such changes need care. W3C Process Document
- Update the affected artifacts and verify the result. Revise requirements, design, code, tests, release notes, and user documentation as applicable. Run tests that demonstrate the approved behavior and record results. Keep traceability in both directions—from requirement to implementation and from code back to its justification. NASA notes that trace links can reveal missing implementation or unexplained code, but they do not update themselves when artifacts change.
Use traceability and tests as evidence, not as a verdict
A traceability link helps reviewers follow the rationale for an implementation and spot gaps. It does not prove that the linked requirement is still correct, and a missing link calls for investigation rather than an automatic code change. The NASA handbook describes traceability as a way to expose design elements without corresponding implementation and code without a parent design element. NASA Software Engineering Handbook: Software Requirements Traceability
Tests answer whether software meets the behavior expressed in requirements; they do not decide whether those requirements reflect the right user need. The Home Office guidance states that tests should provide evidence that requirements have been met. Home Office: Design from evidence
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Check the competing explanations systematically
| Question | Evidence to examine |
|---|---|
| Which decision was approved? | Approval record, owner, date, version, and change history. |
| What need does it serve? | Stakeholder evidence, higher-level requirements, and the stated rationale. |
| Does it still fit the context? | Current customer, operational, or external-specification needs. |
| What does the system actually do? | Reproducible behavior for the relevant version, interface, and configuration. |
| What do the tests establish? | Test coverage and results against the approved requirement—not merely the current implementation. |
| What else changes if this is corrected? | Dependent design, code, tests, documentation, and release materials. |
Requirements engineering is a broader discipline than deciding which file to edit. ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018, identified by ISO as its second edition, covers requirements engineering processes and products; organizations may use different artifact hierarchies and controls. ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018
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Design records and supplementary material are useful only while they remain aligned with the evolving system. The UK National Cyber Security Centre recommends maintaining simple supplementary material alongside the system as it evolves, and notes that machine-readable specifications can support automated correctness checking. NCSC: Produce clean and maintainable code
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