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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteToolShell is the name used for exploitation activity targeting on-premises Microsoft SharePoint Server—not a Microsoft product or the name of just one vulnerability. The activity described by Microsoft involved related SharePoint flaws, and successful exploitation was followed by web-shell use, which can give an attacker a way to run commands on a compromised server.
What is ToolShell?
ToolShell refers to an attack activity or exploit chain targeting on-premises SharePoint Server. It is associated with several vulnerability identifiers, rather than being a single CVE. Microsoft’s guidance describes active attacks involving CVE-2025-53770 and CVE-2025-53771; its account of the activity also discusses earlier vulnerabilities and post-exploitation behavior.
The name is sometimes used as shorthand for the broader campaign. Keep the distinction clear: a CVE identifies a specific vulnerability, while ToolShell describes the exploitation activity associated with SharePoint.
Which SharePoint vulnerabilities are involved?
The vulnerabilities belong to a sequence of related disclosures and attacks. They should not be treated as different names for one flaw.
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| CVE | Role in the reported sequence | What the cited source establishes |
|---|---|---|
| CVE-2025-49706 | Spoofing vulnerability | Microsoft’s July 22, 2025 account discusses active attacks involving this flaw. Microsoft Security |
| CVE-2025-49704 | Remote-code-execution vulnerability | Microsoft’s July 22, 2025 account discusses active attacks involving this flaw. Microsoft Security |
| CVE-2025-53770 | Later vulnerability associated with ToolShell | Microsoft issued customer guidance and security updates for supported affected versions; CISA identified it as ToolShell and added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on July 20, 2025. Microsoft guidance; CISA notice |
| CVE-2025-53771 | Later vulnerability addressed in Microsoft’s SharePoint guidance | Microsoft’s customer guidance identifies updates intended to protect supported affected versions against this vulnerability. Microsoft guidance |
The European Commission says active exploitation of a variation was detected on July 18, 2025, and that later investigation identified CVE-2025-53770 and CVE-2025-53771 as new zero-day vulnerabilities that bypassed existing updates for earlier issues. That account describes how the sequence developed; it does not mean the earlier and later CVEs are identical. European Commission joint statement
Does ToolShell affect SharePoint Online?
The cited Microsoft guidance concerns on-premises SharePoint Server. It does not establish that SharePoint Online has the same exposure, so do not assume that an organization using the cloud service is affected in the same way. If your organization also runs SharePoint Server on its own infrastructure, assess that server separately.
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What risks can ToolShell create?
An attacker who successfully exploits an affected server may gain unauthorized access and execute code. Microsoft reported reconnaissance involving POST requests to SharePoint’s ToolPane endpoint and web-shell use after successful exploitation. These are observed behaviors, not steps that must occur in every incident. Microsoft Security’s account of the activity
A web shell can provide a way to interact with a compromised server after the initial exploit. CISA’s related advisory describes potential access to SharePoint content, file systems, and internal configurations. The actual impact depends on the environment and the attacker’s access; the cited sources do not establish that every connected service or every victim was affected in the same way. CISA notice
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How do I check whether my SharePoint server is affected?
- Identify the deployment. Confirm whether the organization runs on-premises SharePoint Server. SharePoint Online alone is not the deployment addressed by the cited guidance.
- Record the product details. Determine the server edition, whether it is supported, and which updates are installed.
- Match the server to Microsoft’s guidance. Use Microsoft’s current version-specific instructions to identify the applicable security update for that deployment. Do not rely on a generic CVE list or assume an earlier update covers later related vulnerabilities. Microsoft customer guidance
How do I patch ToolShell?
Apply the Microsoft security update specified for the exact supported SharePoint Server version you run. Microsoft says its updates are intended to protect supported affected versions against CVE-2025-53770 and CVE-2025-53771. The applicable package depends on the deployment, so use Microsoft’s guidance rather than selecting an update based only on the ToolShell name. Microsoft customer guidance
Follow Microsoft’s additional mitigation instructions as well as installing the update. The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore warns that a server already patched could still be exploitable if additional mitigation measures had not been applied. Patch status alone therefore does not establish that all relevant protections are in place. Singapore CSA remediation guide
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What should I do if the server may already be compromised?
Treat suspected compromise as an incident to investigate, not simply a patching task. Apply the relevant Microsoft update and follow the additional mitigation and investigation instructions in Microsoft’s guidance. If there is evidence or suspicion of compromise, consult the Singapore CSA remediation guide for steps specific to a compromised SharePoint environment. Installing an update does not prove that an attacker did not gain access earlier. Microsoft guidance; Singapore CSA guide
For investigation context, Microsoft reported ToolPane POST reconnaissance and web-shell activity. Those observations can inform a review, but neither is a complete detection strategy; use the official response guidance for the environment rather than treating a single behavior as proof that a server is clean or compromised. Microsoft Security
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What is known about the scale of the attacks?
The cited sources establish active exploitation and dated CISA catalog actions in 2025; they do not establish a current 2026 victim count or prevalence estimate. CISA added CVE-2025-53770 to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on July 20, 2025, and announced additions of CVE-2025-49704 and CVE-2025-49706 on July 22, 2025. Those dates record catalog actions, not the number of affected organizations. CISA notice
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