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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteTOML (Tom’s Obvious, Minimal Language) is a configuration-file format for settings people can read and edit while programs can parse them into structured data. It uses explicit key/value pairs, tables, comments, and typed values such as strings, numbers, booleans, and dates. The current published specification is TOML v1.1.0, released December 18, 2025; parser support can vary, so check an implementation’s documentation when you need version-specific syntax.
What TOML is designed to do
The name stands for “Tom’s Obvious, Minimal Language.” The specification describes its aim this way: “TOML aims to be a minimal configuration file format that’s easy to read due to obvious semantics.” It is designed to map unambiguously to a hash table and to be straightforward to parse into data structures in many programming languages. That makes it a natural fit for application settings organized as named values and sections.
TOML defines syntax, not what a particular setting means. An application decides which configuration keys it accepts and how their values affect its behavior, so the same TOML syntax can represent very different applications’ settings.
How TOML represents configuration
A TOML document consists of key/value pairs. A key appears before =, and its value follows. Bracketed table headers group related keys. For example:
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title = "TOML Example"
[owner]
name = "Tom Preston-Werner"
dob = 1979-05-27T07:32:00-08:00
[database]
enabled = true
ports = [8000, 8001, 8002]Here, title is at the document’s top level; owner and database introduce tables containing their own keys. The example illustrates syntax only; it does not describe a specific application’s configuration.
Keys, tables, and comments
- Keys: Keys can be bare, quoted, or dotted. TOML is case-sensitive, and a key cannot be defined more than once.
- Tables: A header such as
[database]introduces a table, a named group of key/value pairs. Dotted keys can also express nested structure. - Comments: A
#begins a comment outside a string, letting a file include notes for people editing it.
Values and file requirements
The format defines strings, integers, floating-point numbers, booleans, date/time values, arrays, and inline tables. TOML documents are case-sensitive and must be valid UTF-8. The specification defines how those values are written; an application still determines which types and values are appropriate for its settings.
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TOML compared with JSON, YAML, and INI
These formats have different strengths; the comparison below reflects format-level distinctions, not a universal ranking of every parser or application.
| Format | Useful distinction | Often a fit when |
|---|---|---|
| TOML | Configuration-oriented; supports comments, explicit types, and nested tables. Its top level is a hash table. | People need to edit structured application settings directly. |
| JSON | Uses common data types and is easy to parse; standard JSON syntax does not allow comments. | Data must work with JSON consumers or be exchanged between systems. |
| YAML | Emphasizes human readability and supports comments. | An application already expects YAML or its ecosystem suits the configuration. |
| INI | Often used for configuration, but there is no single standardized INI format; deeper nesting is not handled gracefully in many INI conventions. | Compatibility with an existing INI-based application matters more than a uniform format. |
When TOML is—and is not—a good choice
TOML is best understood as a configuration format, not a universal way to serialize arbitrary data. Its required hash-table top level means a document cannot directly represent a top-level array or a top-level float. The format also does not define a standard file boundary for streaming. If the data is naturally a list or another arbitrary structure, or if a consumer already requires another format, TOML may not be suitable.
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Current TOML version and parser compatibility
The TOML project identifies v1.1.0 as the current published specification, released December 18, 2025. The earlier v1.0.0 release was published January 11, 2021. Publication of a specification does not mean every parser implements it. If a file uses syntax introduced or changed in a particular version, confirm that the parser used by the target application supports that version.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Where to find parsers, validators, and editor support
The official TOML project wiki is a discovery index for implementations, validators, editor support, encoders, converters, projects using TOML, and a language-agnostic decoder/encoder test suite. Use it to find candidates, then check each tool’s own documentation for supported languages, maintenance, behavior, and TOML-version compatibility. A listing in the wiki does not by itself establish that a tool is current or supports v1.1.0.
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Learn more from the official sources
- TOML specification and current version
- TOML project repository and wiki
- Library of Congress format description
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