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Digital component video represents a picture digitally as multiple components rather than combining its picture information into one composite signal. A common representation is Y′CbCr: a luma-like component, Y′, and two color-difference chroma components, Cb and Cr. The exact encoding and interface depend on the applicable format or standard.
What is digital component video?
“Component” describes how picture information is represented: the video is separated into components instead of being combined into a single composite video signal. “Digital” means those components are represented as digital data. Digital component video is therefore a signal representation, not the name of one connector or a single universal wiring format.
In common digital television and video workflows, the components are expressed as Y′CbCr. The ITU-T explains that Y′CbCr is commonly used to encode RGB information; the specific encoding details depend on the standard in use. ITU-T H Supplement 19 discusses this terminology and notes that Y′ is not necessarily the same as physical luminance.
What do Y′, Cb, and Cr mean?
- Y′: A nonlinear, luma-like component. The prime mark indicates the nonlinear video convention; Y′ should not automatically be described as measured physical luminance.
- Cb and Cr: Color-difference chroma components. Together with Y′, they represent color information in a form commonly used in digital video.
The components are related to RGB, but the terms do not mean the same thing as the original R′, G′, and B′ values. Recommendations such as BT.601, BT.709, BT.2020, and BT.2100 provide matrix coefficients for the relationship between Y′CbCr and R′G′B′; they are not names for interchangeable connectors or signal types.
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Is Y′CbCr the same as Y′PbPr?
No. Y′CbCr refers to a digital component representation, while Y′PbPr refers to analog component video. The systems are related, but their names describe different signal domains. Microsoft’s About YUV Video explains the terminology and distinguishes digital Y′CbCr from analog Y′PbPr.
Because “component video” is sometimes used loosely, specify “digital Y′CbCr” or “analog Y′PbPr” when discussing formats or equipment. A reference to component video alone does not establish whether the signal is digital or analog.
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What do BT.601 and BT.656 specify?
They address different parts of digital television systems:
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- ITU-R BT.656 specifies an interface for digital component video in 525-line and 625-line television systems operating at the 4:2:2 level of BT.601. It describes that particular interface and system context, not every possible digital component format. The ITU’s broadcasting recommendations catalog lists BT.601 and BT.656 and their scopes.
The Library of Congress describes an uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2 picture stream and notes BT.601’s role as a common digital standard across analog television systems. That context does not make 4:2:2 a universal requirement for digital component video. Library of Congress: Uncompressed YCbCr Video Picture Stream (4:2:2).
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Is 4:2:2 required for digital component video?
No. 4:2:2 is a chroma-sampling description associated with particular formats and interfaces. BT.656 uses the 4:2:2 level of BT.601 in its stated 525-line and 625-line system scope, but digital component video as a general category is not limited to that sampling arrangement. Check the format or interface specification to determine its sampling, encoding, and other signal details.
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