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Automatic number identification (ANI) is a telecommunications system that identifies the billing account associated with a call. In 911 systems, ANI identifies the calling party and may provide a callback number. It is related to caller ID, but the terms are not interchangeable: ANI has a network role that depends on the service context.
What does ANI mean?
The Federal Communications Commission defines ANI as “A system that identifies the billing account for a call.” Its rule adds: “For 911 systems, the ANI identifies the calling party and may be used as a call back number.” FCC definition of ANI
In ordinary telephony, the key idea is identifying the billing account or telephone number associated with a call. In emergency calling, the relevant identifier can help identify the caller and support a return call. What ANI represents and how a network conveys it depend on the service.
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Is ANI the same as caller ID?
No. ANI and caller ID are related forms of calling-number identification, but they have different meanings. The FCC’s discussion of a specific interstate ANI service described ANI as the billing number delivered for billing or routing, while caller ID was a separate, caller-facing service. FCC historical discussion of ANI and caller ID
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That FCC discussion describes a 1991 service arrangement, not a universal account of how current mobile or internet-based calls work. In that historical arrangement, ANI could be sent in-band or out-of-band with SS7 trunking and could arrive before or with the first ring. The FCC also said the particular ANI service it described could not be blocked by the caller under the technology then in use. Those technical and blocking statements should not be generalized to every modern network or service.
What is ANI used for?
ANI can support network and business functions that rely on identifying the number or account associated with an incoming call. The FCC’s examples include:
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- Routing calls based on geographic origin.
- Sending alarm signals.
- Checking access to secondary data services.
- Looking up customer or order information in customer-service and order-taking systems.
In a business system, an incoming number can be matched with stored account or transaction information. That is a lookup function; the ANI itself is not the customer record. FCC examples of ANI uses
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsHow does ANI relate to 911 and p-ANI?
For 911, ANI identifies the calling party and may be used as a callback number. Emergency-call routing can also use pseudo-ANI (p-ANI), a special identifier rather than an ordinary directory number.
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The FCC defines pseudo-ANI as a same-length number that is not a North American Numbering Plan (NANP) directory number and can carry a special meaning by agreement. ATIS describes p-ANI resources as non-dialable and says they are commonly used for routing and location display in certain E9-1-1 situations, including calls from mobile or nomadic users. FCC ANI and pseudo-ANI definitions; ATIS p-ANI resources
Because p-ANI is non-dialable, it is not simply another phone number to call back. In emergency services, its value can be in the routing or location meaning assigned to it.
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How is ANI different from CNAM and SHAKEN?
These terms describe different pieces of telephone identity and signaling:
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- ANI identifies the billing account or associated number for a call; in 911 systems, it may identify the caller and support a callback.
- CNAM is caller-name information obtained through database lookup. A carrier may query a CNAM database to retrieve a name for display; that is distinct from ANI’s billing-account identification. Twilio CNAM documentation
- SHAKEN is a framework for cryptographically authenticating telephone identity information in IP voice networks. It addresses whether identity information is authenticated, not ANI’s basic definition. FCC call authentication and SHAKEN
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