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Use Selenium WebDriver to operate the browser and Hypothesis to generate test inputs—or sequences of user actions—then assert that the application behaves correctly. This combination is an editorially synthesized testing pattern, not an integration recipe officially documented by either project. It works best when each generated case starts from controlled application state and checks a clear behavior.
What Selenium and Hypothesis each do
Selenium WebDriver’s Python API automates browser interaction through language bindings and browser-specific implementations. It can navigate to pages, find elements, type into fields, click controls, and inspect what is displayed.
Hypothesis generates values from strategies and runs a Python test against them. Instead of choosing only a few hand-written examples, you describe a property that should hold across a range of inputs. For workflows where earlier actions affect later ones, Hypothesis also offers stateful testing: it chooses sequences of rules and their values.
The browser and test runner still need a real application, meaningful selectors, and an expected result. Hypothesis does not make an invalid test meaningful, and Selenium does not guarantee that separate generated cases begin with clean server-side data.
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Set up the Python tools
The current Selenium Python API documentation lists Python 3.10 or newer and support for Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, WebKitGTK, WPEWebKit, and remote protocol use. Check the API documentation for the browser and environment you intend to use, since compatibility can change.
-
Create and activate a virtual environment using your project’s normal workflow.
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Install the packages:
python -m pip install -U selenium hypothesis pytestSelenium documents
pip install -U selenium; Hypothesis’s quickstart documentspip install hypothesis. Pytest is included here as the test runner for the example. -
Use a browser available in your environment. Selenium’s current documentation says Selenium Manager handles browser and driver installation on most supported platforms; manual browser or driver configuration is also possible.
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Save the test in a test module such as
test_search.py, replace the example URL and selectors with those from an application you control, then runpytest -q.
Start with an ordinary Selenium test
First establish that the browser can perform the key behavior with one well-chosen example. This separates browser setup or selector problems from the added complexity of generated inputs.
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
def test_search_page_shows_results(driver):
driver.get("https://example.test/search")
field = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
field.send_keys("selenium")
field.submit()
results = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "search-results"))
)
assert results.is_displayed()This example assumes your test suite supplies a driver fixture and that the URL, field, and results element exist. The exact fixture lifecycle depends on the project and test framework; keep browser startup and teardown in that lifecycle rather than sharing an unmanaged browser between tests.
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Use Hypothesis for properties across generated inputs
Use @given when the test’s important variable is input data and each example can be tested independently. The following shows the combined pattern for a search form; it is a template, not a verified test against a real site.
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from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
@given(st.text(min_size=1, max_size=40))
def test_search_input_is_accepted(driver, search_term):
driver.get("https://example.test/search")
field = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
field.clear()
field.send_keys(search_term)
field.submit()
results = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "search-results"))
)
assert results.is_displayed()Hypothesis documents ordinary generated tests as regular Python functions usable with pytest or unittest. Its quickstart says the default is 100 generated inputs; configure max_examples when a different number is appropriate. A larger count can increase browser-test runtime substantially because every example drives a browser.
Choose the property and strategy carefully. In the example, the intended property is that an accepted search term leads to visible results. A real application may reject whitespace, impose different length limits, require authentication, or show an empty-state message for some terms. Constrain or design the strategy around the behavior the application is meant to support, and assert the actual expected outcome rather than merely that a page did not crash.
Reset browser and application state for each generated example. Navigating back to a start page may not clear cookies, server-side records, rate limits, or other external state; use a test environment and fixture or cleanup approach that gives each case the starting conditions it needs.
Use a state machine when action order matters
Use Hypothesis’s RuleBasedStateMachine when the important variable is a sequence of operations and a previous action changes what should happen next—for example, adding and removing items before submitting a form. For a single independent input, an ordinary @given test is usually simpler.
A stateful browser test should model only the meaningful part of the application: rules represent useful user actions, a small Python model tracks expected state, and invariants check visible behavior after steps. This code sketches the structure; the selectors, fixture strategy, and expected application behavior must be supplied for your site.
from hypothesis.stateful import RuleBasedStateMachine, invariant, rule
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
class CartMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
# Supply a fresh browser and controlled application state here.
self.driver = make_test_driver()
self.expected_count = 0
self.driver.get("https://example.test/cart")
@rule()
def add_item(self):
self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "add-item").click()
self.expected_count += 1
@rule()
def remove_item(self):
if self.expected_count:
self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "remove-item").click()
self.expected_count -= 1
@invariant()
def visible_count_matches_model(self):
count = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "cart-count").text
assert int(count) == self.expected_count
def teardown(self):
self.driver.quit()
TestCart = CartMachine.TestCasemake_test_driver() is intentionally an application-specific placeholder, not a Selenium or Hypothesis API. In a real test suite, integrate driver creation, state reset, and teardown with the project’s fixture lifecycle. Ensure each rule waits for the relevant browser state before the invariant reads it.
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Wait for page conditions instead of guessing with sleeps
JavaScript-driven pages can become ready after the initial HTML and assets have loaded. If the next command runs before the needed element or state exists, the test encounters a timing race. Selenium’s waiting-strategies guidance recommends explicit waits for specific conditions.
-
Wait for visibility when the test must read or assert displayed content.
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Wait for clickability when the next action requires an enabled, interactable control.
-
Wait for a particular URL, text, or application state when that is the actual requirement.
Fixed sleeps either waste time when a page is fast or remain too short when it is slow. Explicit waits poll for a condition and time out if it is not met. Selenium warns against mixing implicit and explicit waits because their combined timing can be unpredictable; prefer explicit waits for these condition-driven tests.
Understand shrinking, failure reports, and replay
When generated input exposes a failure, Hypothesis attempts to shrink the case to a simpler one. In stateful tests it can report a short sequence of actions, often in a program-like form that helps identify the minimal behavior leading to the problem. Preserve that report when filing a defect: it is a useful reproduction clue, not a guarantee that every outside condition has been captured.
Hypothesis supports seeds, including pytest’s --hypothesis-seed, to help replay generated cases. Its settings documentation notes that exact repeated examples assume there are no other nondeterministic influences. Browser timing, shared test data, and external services can still vary, so seed-based replay is helpful but does not promise perfectly identical browser behavior.
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Choose between generated inputs and generated workflows
| Question | Use @given |
Use a state machine |
|---|---|---|
| What varies most? | Independent input values | Action order and prior state |
| What should the test express? | A property that holds for each valid generated input | Rules for user actions plus invariants that should hold after steps |
| What is the main design task? | Define a useful strategy and isolate each example | Maintain a small expected model and keep rules meaningful |
| What makes failures easier to understand? | A clear failing input and assertion | A minimized, interpretable sequence of actions |
Both styles incur the cost of browser interactions for generated cases. The documentation does not establish a benchmark comparing their runtime; choose the least complex model that expresses the behavior you need to protect.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshoot common failures
Element not found or interaction happens too early
Likely cause: the selector does not match the current page, or JavaScript has not reached the needed state.
Fix: verify the selector against the controlled application and wait explicitly for the required element condition before interacting with or reading it.
Generated cases fail inconsistently
Likely cause: cases share browser, server, cookie, or external-service state, or the test observes a timing race.
Fix: reset relevant state per example, run against controlled test data, and wait for the condition the assertion depends on. Retain the Hypothesis failure example and seed when useful, while checking for nondeterminism beyond generated data.
A strategy generates values the application cannot accept
Likely cause: the strategy describes a broader input domain than the feature supports.
Fix: constrain the strategy to the documented valid domain, or explicitly test invalid inputs with the expected validation behavior. Do not interpret an expected validation rejection as an application defect.
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Wait durations are unexpectedly long
Likely cause: implicit and explicit waits are combined or each generated example incurs repeated waits.
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Driver or browser startup fails
Likely cause: browser availability, version compatibility, or environment setup differs from what the test expects.
Fix: consult Selenium’s current Python API documentation for supported browsers and setup guidance, verify the browser is available in the execution environment, and use Selenium Manager where supported or configure the browser and driver manually.
Or skip the browser setup
For capturing a page image or PDF rather than exercising application behavior, ScreenshotNeo is a separate option: one GET request can return a PNG, JPEG, WebP, or PDF. It is not a replacement for Selenium-based interaction assertions or Hypothesis-generated tests.
ScreenshotNeo accepts consent banners and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each of those steps can be turned off. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, with response headers identifying page verdict and billing. It also offers an MCP server with screenshot, page-info, and PDF tools for AI agents. The free plan includes 1,000 shots per month without a card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com -o shot.webpSee the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. Sign up for ScreenshotNeo’s free plan to get 1,000 screenshots a month with no card.
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