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Selenium 4 relative locators find an element by combining an ordinary locator with its position relative to a known element. In Python, for example, locate_with(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button").below(email_field) finds a button below the email field. Selenium supports above, below, toLeftOf, toRightOf, and near; use these when the spatial relationship is clearer than a direct locator.
What Selenium relative locators do
A relative locator describes two things: how to identify candidate elements and where a candidate must sit in relation to a reference element. The reference can be provided with a locator or an element you have already found. Selenium uses JavaScript getBoundingClientRect() to determine element positions and sizes, then evaluates the spatial relationship. This means the relationship is based on rendered layout, not just the HTML tree. See the Selenium locator guide.
They are useful when the target has no convenient unique ID, name, or other direct selector, but its location relative to a recognizable field or control is easy to express. A relative locator still needs a candidate locator: “the button below this field” is more precise than searching for any element below it.
Choose a spatial relationship
above: candidate is above the reference element.below: candidate is below the reference element.toLeftOf: candidate is left of the reference element.toRightOf: candidate is right of the reference element.near: candidate is within a specified distance of the reference; Python defaults to 50 pixels.
The available concepts are consistent, but method spelling and syntax differ by language binding. The examples below use Python and the Selenium 4 Python API.
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Python: find an element relative to another
Install Selenium and identify a reference
Install the Python package in your project environment if needed:
python -m pip install seleniumFirst locate a reference element with a conventional locator. The following example assumes the page has an email input and a button below it:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import locate_with
# Start a browser driver configured for your environment.
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://example.com")
email_field = driver.find_element(By.ID, "email")
submit_button = driver.find_element(
locate_with(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button").below(email_field)
)
submit_button.click()Replace the example URL and the email ID with values from your page. If a driver is already managed by your test framework, use that driver instead of creating and quitting one inside each test.
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Use a locator for the reference instead
You can provide a reference locator directly rather than first storing the element:
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locate_with(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button").below(
{By.ID: "email"}
)
)This form is shown in the Python API reference; the Python relative locator API documentation includes its supported methods and parameters.
Combine relationships to narrow candidates
Chain relationships when one positional condition is not enough. For example, if the desired button is below an email field and to the right of a cancel button:
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email_field = driver.find_element(By.ID, "email")
cancel_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, "cancel")
submit_button = driver.find_element(
locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button")
.below(email_field)
.to_right_of(cancel_button)
)Chaining reduces ambiguity by requiring the candidate to satisfy both spatial filters. It does not replace choosing an appropriate candidate type: if the page contains several buttons in that region, add a more discriminating candidate locator where possible.
Find a nearby element
In Python, near accepts a distance in pixels. Its default is 50 pixels, and the API requires a positive distance:
help_icon = driver.find_element(
locate_with(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".help-icon").near(email_field, 80)
)Use a distance that matches the page layout rather than relying on the default when the desired proximity is narrower or wider. The measurement is tied to rendered geometry, so layout changes can affect which elements qualify.
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Relative locators versus CSS and XPath
CSS selectors and XPath express document structure and attributes; relative locators express a geometric relationship between rendered elements. A CSS selector is often a straightforward choice when the target has a stable ID, class, or attribute. XPath can express relationships in the DOM tree. A relative locator can be easier to read when the relationship on screen is the useful clue, such as a label-associated control or an adjacent action.
Because relative locators depend on positions and sizes, responsive layout changes or different viewport dimensions can change which candidate matches. No comparative performance or reliability measurements are established here, so choose based on clarity and validate against the viewports your tests cover rather than assuming one locator type is universally faster or more robust.
Troubleshoot a relative locator
- No element is found: Check that the reference element was found, that the candidate locator matches the intended tag or selector, and that the expected spatial relationship holds in the current rendered layout.
- The wrong element is found: Narrow the candidate selector, chain another relationship, or use a direct locator if one uniquely identifies the target. Confirm the page has finished rendering before locating.
- The match changes at another window size: The relationship is based on geometry. Set the viewport used by the test or use a stable direct locator when layout-dependent positioning is not the intended condition.
nearrejects the distance: In the Python binding the distance must be greater than zero. Pass a positive pixel value or omit it to use the documented 50-pixel default.- The method name is rejected: Relative-locator syntax varies by language binding. Use the spelling and call form documented for the Selenium binding in your project.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Are relative locators part of Selenium 4?
Yes. Selenium calls the feature Relative Locators; it was previously referred to as Friendly Locators.
Can I use a relative locator without first finding the reference element?
Yes. In Python, you can pass the reference as a locator mapping, such as {By.ID: "email"}, instead of passing a previously located element.
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