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Before sending money for a real-estate closing, call the title or escrow company using a phone number you obtained independently. Read the wiring instructions back to the company, ask your bank to confirm the receiving account name, then call the title company after the transfer to confirm receipt. A convincing PDF, familiar logo, or email that looks nearly right does not authenticate where your money will go.
How do you verify wire instructions for closing?
Use a phone number from paperwork you already trust or another independently located official source—not a number or link in the message containing the instructions. Call the title or escrow company and confirm the account details verbally. Before authorizing the transfer, ask your bank to confirm the name associated with the receiving account. After sending the wire, call the title company again to confirm it arrived.
- Find a trusted number. Retrieve the title or escrow company’s telephone number from previously established paperwork or an independently located official source.
- Confirm the instructions by phone. Read back the recipient and account details with the company. Do not rely on a phone number supplied in an unexpected email or PDF.
- Check the recipient with your bank. Ask the bank to confirm the receiving account name before you authorize the wire.
- Confirm receipt. Call the title company using the same independently obtained number after sending the money.
If wiring instructions change during the transaction, stop and verify the new details by phone before taking action. The American Land Title Association (ALTA) warns consumers to be suspicious of a mid-transaction change to a title company’s account or wiring instructions in its closing-scams handout.
Why appearance is not verification
Scammers may copy logos and use email addresses that resemble those of an attorney, agent, or title company, according to ALTA. A PDF’s professional design, familiar wording, or apparent sender identity cannot independently establish that its payment instructions are genuine. The useful check is confirmation through a known phone number and your bank’s account-name check—not a visual judgment about the document.
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| What you check | What it can establish |
|---|---|
| A PDF or email’s logo, wording, or appearance | It may look familiar, but ALTA warns that scammers can copy logos and impersonate transaction participants. |
| Instructions confirmed through an independently obtained phone number, plus the bank’s recipient-account name check | These are the supported steps for independently verifying payment instructions before sending funds. |
What should you do if you wired money to a scammer?
Contact your bank immediately and request a wire recall. Then report the incident to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), and contact your regional FBI office and local police. ALTA’s consumer handout says detection within 24 hours offers the best chance of recovering funds; that is urgency guidance, not a guarantee that a recall will succeed.
- Call the bank using its established contact information and ask it to initiate a recall notice.
- Report the fraud to IC3.
- Contact the regional FBI office and local police.
How can you tell if escrow instructions are fake?
You generally cannot establish that payment instructions are authentic just by inspecting the PDF. The authoritative and industry guidance cited here does not provide a technical procedure for validating PDF metadata, digital signatures, or edits. Treat an unexpected message, changed account details, or a request to act urgently as a reason to pause and verify—not as proof on its own that a document is forged. Confirm the payment instructions by calling a trusted number independently and checking the recipient account name with your bank.
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Wire diversion and property-document fraud are related real-estate risks, but they target different things. Fake or compromised communications can redirect a closing payment to a fraudulent account. Forged deed or mortgage documents can instead be used to manipulate property ownership or financing. The FBI Newark office describes seller impersonation and forged identity or document risks, including scams involving vacant properties; that context does not mean every suspicious escrow or title PDF is part of a seller-impersonation scheme.
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How common are closing scams, and why does verification matter?
ALTA’s February 27, 2025 summary of a CertifID-sponsored cybercrime study, which included 360 participants, reported that more than 40% of title companies received at least one email per month in 2023 attempting to change wiring or payoff instructions. The same summary reported two distinct outcomes: 7% of companies had wired funds to a fraudulent account, while 13% of respondents said their customers had wired funds to one. Those are different measures, not interchangeable estimates of the same group.
Consumer awareness is also a concern. In an ALTA survey of 650 U.S. consumers who had bought or sold property in the previous three years, conducted in November 2023 and summarized on February 13, 2024, 51% were not adequately aware of wire fraud at the start of the closing process. In that same survey, 71% believed educating themselves about wire fraud was not their own responsibility. ALTA’s then-chief executive officer, Diane Tomb, said in the 2025 study summary: “Knowledge is the first line of defense in ensuring a safe and secure homebuying experience.”
These findings support treating verification as a normal closing step rather than relying on familiarity with the people or paperwork involved. ALTA’s consumer handout is informational, not legal advice.
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What controls can real-estate professionals use?
ALTA identifies several control layers for reducing exposure to wire fraud. Its study summary describes these as mitigation measures; it does not rank their effectiveness or establish that any one control eliminates risk.
| Control layer | How it fits |
|---|---|
| Consumer and agent education | Prepares transaction participants to recognize suspicious messages and verify instructions independently. |
| Wire or payee verification software | Adds a verification step for payment details within an organization’s process. |
| Simulated phishing exercises | Gives staff practice identifying suspicious communications. |
These operational measures complement, rather than replace, the consumer’s direct confirmation of the recipient and account details before a wire is sent. ALTA’s summaries of the 2025 cybercrime study and its 2024 consumer-awareness survey provide the underlying figures and context.
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