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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minutePython 3 has no fixed maximum value for its built-in int type. Integers support arbitrary precision, so they can exceed familiar 32-bit and 64-bit limits; in practice, memory, computation time, and the limits of connected systems are what constrain them. sys.maxsize is not Python’s largest integer.
Why sys.maxsize is not the maximum integer
sys.maxsize reports the largest value supported by the platform’s signed Py_ssize_t type, used for sizes and indexes in many Python interfaces. It does not cap Python int values. See the Python documentation for sys.maxsize.
import sys
print(sys.maxsize)
large = sys.maxsize + 1
print(large)
print(type(large))On a typical 64-bit build, sys.maxsize is 2**63 - 1, or 9223372036854775807. A typical 32-bit build reports 2**31 - 1. The exact value depends on the platform. In either case, adding one produces a valid Python int.
How large can a Python integer get?
The language defines Python integers as having unlimited precision, and CPython implements them as arbitrary-sized integer objects. That means there is no built-in 32-bit or 64-bit overflow boundary for ordinary integer arithmetic. The Python numeric types documentation describes integer precision; CPython’s integer C API documentation covers its integer objects.
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“Unlimited precision” describes the numeric model, not infinite storage. A larger integer takes more memory, and operations on it can take more time. The practical ceiling depends on available memory, the interpreter, process limits, and the cost of the operations you perform. For example, 2**10000 is a valid expression, while creating and processing much larger values may be impractical on a given system.
Python 2 had separate int and arbitrary-precision long types; Python 3 unified them into one built-in int. The history is documented in PEP 237. Python 2 code using sys.maxint should not be treated as a guide to Python 3’s integer limit.
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Why printing a huge integer can fail
In Python 3.11 and later, CPython added a configurable limit for certain conversions between integers and text. Current CPython documentation lists a default limit of 4,300 decimal digit characters for conversions that use non-linear algorithms. This is a limit on converting a number to or from a string, not on the size of the integer itself. The feature is documented under integer-string conversion length limitation.
n = 10**5000 # Creates an integer; arithmetic succeeds
len(str(n)) # May raise ValueError under the default setting
len(hex(n)) # Works; hexadecimal conversion is exemptIf decimal conversion exceeds the active limit, operations such as str(n), repr(n), formatted output, and parsing a long decimal string with int(text) can raise ValueError. The message may say the value exceeds the limit for integer string conversion. The arithmetic result can still exist and be used.
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The limit does not apply to the documented power-of-two bases—2, 4, 8, 16, and 32—or to byte conversions such as int.from_bytes() and int.to_bytes(). Thus bin(n), oct(n), and hex(n) can represent a very large value without hitting this decimal conversion limit. These exceptions and affected operations are listed in the conversion-limit documentation.
Check or change the decimal conversion limit
The compiled-in default documented for current CPython is 4,300 digits, but the active setting can differ because it may be changed at interpreter startup or by code. The minimum configurable nonzero limit documented by CPython is 640 digits.
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import sys
print(sys.get_int_max_str_digits())
print(sys.int_info.default_max_str_digits)
print(sys.int_info.str_digits_check_threshold)To set a higher limit from Python, use sys.set_int_max_str_digits():
import sys
sys.set_int_max_str_digits(10000)At startup, configure the interpreter with either the environment variable or the command-line option:
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PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS=10000 python script.py
python -X int_max_str_digits=10000 script.pyTo disable the limit, set it to zero in code with sys.set_int_max_str_digits(0), or at startup with PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS=0 or python -X int_max_str_digits=0. If both the environment variable and -X option are supplied, the command-line option takes precedence. Configuration details are in the Python documentation.
Do not disable the limit casually in a public-facing program. It helps reduce denial-of-service risks from costly decimal conversions, including risks associated with CVE-2020-10735. If an application accepts untrusted decimal input, validate its length and choose a suitable application-level bound instead of accepting arbitrarily long text. Avoid unnecessary conversion of untrusted huge integers back to decimal strings. The documentation also notes that setting a low limit can affect source files containing very long decimal integer literals; hexadecimal literals are an alternative when appropriate. See recommended configuration.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Ways to inspect or serialize a huge integer
- Check its size in bits:
n.bit_length()returns the number of bits needed to represent the value, without converting it to decimal text. - Use a power-of-two representation:
hex(n),bin(n), oroct(n)can be useful for inspection and avoid the decimal conversion limit. - Use bytes for binary data: provide enough bytes when calling
to_bytes(). For an unsigned positive value, a suitable length is(n.bit_length() + 7) // 8.
n = 2**100
length = (n.bit_length() + 7) // 8
data = n.to_bytes(length, byteorder="big")
restored = int.from_bytes(data, byteorder="big")Byte conversion is not subject to the decimal digit limit, but it has an explicit size requirement: a byte length that is too short for the value causes conversion to fail. Choose signedness, byte order, and field length to match the format you are implementing.
What to use when an algorithm needs a “largest” value
There is no universal largest Python integer to use as a sentinel. Pick a value that matches what the algorithm means:
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- Use
Nonewhen “not set yet” is a distinct state. For a maximum search, initialize on the first item or compare explicitly:
best = None
for value in values:
if best is None or value > best:
best = value- Use a domain-specific bound when the problem defines one, such as a protocol’s maximum field value.
- Use
float("inf")only when floating-point infinity is appropriate to the algorithm. It is a float, not an integer, and can be unsuitable for exact arithmetic, integer-only serialization, or mixed-type calculations. - Initialize from the first element when the input is guaranteed to be nonempty; this avoids guessing a numeric bound.
Limits imposed outside Python
A Python integer can be valid locally and still exceed the range accepted by another system. C extensions and APIs may require fixed-width integer types; databases may define bounded integer columns; network protocols may specify 32-bit or 64-bit fields; and serialization consumers may have their own numeric rules. JavaScript’s ordinary Number type, for example, cannot exactly represent every integer above 2**53 - 1. These are interface constraints, not a maximum on Python’s int. Check the receiving system’s specification and validate or encode values at that boundary.
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