To save a rendered webpage as one tall PDF page with Selenium, use Python’s driver.print_page() with a custom page width and height sized to the content. Measure the rendered document, convert its CSS-pixel dimensions to centimeters, set the dimensions in PrintOptions, then decode and save the returned PDF data. This is browser printing to a custom-sized PDF sheet—not a guarantee of a screenshot-like result for every site, browser, or page length.
Use Selenium’s PDF print method with a custom page size
Selenium’s Python WebDriver API provides driver.print_page(print_options) to print the current page to PDF data. Its PrintOptions supports custom page dimensions, margins, scaling, backgrounds, orientation, shrink-to-fit, and page ranges. The custom size helper accepts dimensions in centimeters. See the Selenium 4.49.0 PrintOptions API reference and the Selenium Print Page guide.
The sample below assumes you already have a configured WebDriver and have navigated to the target URL. It measures the document after rendering, requests a sheet as wide and tall as the measured content, sets all margins to zero, and writes the base64-encoded PDF response to full_page.pdf.
import base64
from pathlib import Path
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
# Configure a driver and navigate before running this section.
# Example:
# driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# driver.get("https://example.com")
width_px, height_px = driver.execute_script(
"return [document.documentElement.scrollWidth, document.documentElement.scrollHeight]"
)
# CSS pixels are 1/96 inch; Selenium's custom page dimensions use centimeters.
px_to_cm = 2.54 / 96
options = PrintOptions()
options.page_width = width_px * px_to_cm
options.page_height = height_px * px_to_cm
options.margin_top = 0
options.margin_bottom = 0
options.margin_left = 0
options.margin_right = 0
options.background = True
pdf_base64 = driver.print_page(options)
Path("full_page.pdf").write_bytes(base64.b64decode(pdf_base64))The sizing method is implementation guidance based on Selenium’s documented units, not an official Selenium recipe. Inspect the generated PDF’s page count and appearance in your target browser and driver. A page’s printed dimensions can differ from its screen dimensions because of print styles, layout changes, and browser behavior.
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Make sure the page is ready before measuring
Navigation completing does not necessarily mean that all content you want is present. Pages may load data asynchronously, fetch images lazily, or reveal sections only as you scroll. Measure too early and the PDF can be correctly sized for an incomplete page.
- Navigate and wait for the relevant content. Use an explicit wait for a known element or condition that indicates the page has finished rendering the content you need.
- Trigger lazy-loaded sections. If content appears on scroll, scroll through the page and allow each section and its images to load before measuring.
- Measure after the layout settles. The example uses
document.documentElement.scrollWidthandscrollHeight. If the result omits overflow or content, compare withdocument.body.scrollWidthandscrollHeight, and choose the measurements that represent the intended page. - Print and inspect. Check the PDF’s page count, clipping, backgrounds, and text size. If the page reflows in print mode, the screen measurement may not match the print layout.
Understand the print options that affect the result
Custom dimensions determine the requested sheet size; they do not control every aspect of the printed layout. The options below have distinct effects, so change them deliberately and recheck the output.
| Setting | What it controls | Practical use |
|---|---|---|
page_width and page_height |
Custom sheet dimensions; custom values are in centimeters. | Set these from measured content dimensions when requesting one tall sheet. |
margin_top, margin_bottom, margin_left, margin_right |
Space around the printed page content. | Set all four to zero for an edge-to-edge attempt; keep margins if the PDF needs a printable border. |
background |
Whether CSS backgrounds are printed. | Set to True if background colors or images are part of the desired output. |
scale |
Print scaling; Selenium documents a range of 0.1 to 2. | Use when adjusting content size, but test readability and clipping. |
shrink_to_fit |
Whether content is reduced to fit the page. | Consider it if fitting width matters more than preserving text size; test it with the selected width and scale. |
orientation |
Portrait or landscape orientation. | Choose based on the desired sheet layout; orientation alone does not make a page continuous. |
page_ranges |
Which printed page ranges to include. | Use when selecting pages from a multi-page print result, not as a substitute for custom sizing. |
For example, the sample sets background = True and zero margins but leaves scale, orientation, shrink-to-fit, and page ranges at their defaults. If the output is too wide, shrink_to_fit may help, but it can make text smaller. If the content itself changes under print styles, dimensions measured from the screen may not be sufficient; inspect the output rather than assuming that the pixel-to-centimeter calculation guarantees a match.
Know what “without page breaks” can and cannot mean
A custom page height can avoid the ordinary pagination caused by printing onto a fixed-height Letter or A4 sheet, when the browser and driver accept and honor the requested dimensions. It is not a universal way to force every page into a single PDF page. The Selenium Python API describes printing as best effort: “The driver makes a best effort to return a PDF based on the provided parameters.” See the Selenium 4.49.0 remote WebDriver API.
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- Print CSS can change layout. Stylesheets may hide elements, change widths, or force page breaks in print mode.
- Fixed and sticky elements can behave differently. Their printed position or repetition may not match their on-screen appearance.
- Very large pages have practical limits. The reviewed Selenium references do not establish a universal maximum custom page height, nor do they guarantee single-sheet output for arbitrarily long documents.
- Browser and driver output can vary. Validate the exact browser/driver combination and page you intend to use; identical rendering across sites and browsers is not established by the API documentation.
If the page still splits, first confirm that the requested height reflects the content that is actually printed, then check for print-specific CSS and inspect whether your browser honored the custom dimensions. Do not increase the height blindly if doing so creates an unwieldy or unsupported PDF page.
PDF printing is not the same as a full-page screenshot
driver.print_page() produces PDF data through the browser’s print pipeline. Selenium’s documented save_screenshot() method saves a PNG of the current window; it is not documented there as a full-document PDF solution. A PDF can retain selectable text and print-oriented formatting, while a screenshot is raster image output. Choose according to whether you need a PDF document or an image of the page.
Chromium also documents a lower-level PDF command, Page.printToPDF, in its Chrome DevTools Protocol Page domain. That is a Chromium protocol route, not the same interface as Selenium’s standard Python driver.print_page() API.
Troubleshoot common output problems
The PDF contains only part of the page
Likely cause: Measurement happened before all content loaded, the measured element omitted overflow, or content appeared only after scrolling. Fix: wait for the target content, scroll through lazy-loaded sections, compare document and body dimensions, and measure again after the layout settles.
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The PDF has more than one page
Likely cause: The requested dimensions do not match the printed layout, the browser did not apply the custom size as expected, or print CSS forces breaks. Fix: inspect the PDF’s actual page dimensions and print styles, then adjust measured width or height and test again. Selenium’s API only promises best-effort behavior.
Text is too small or content is clipped
Likely cause: Shrink-to-fit or scaling reduced content, or the custom width is insufficient. Fix: review scale and shrink_to_fit settings, compare the measured width with the printed layout, and regenerate the PDF. A width that fits more content may produce a page that is harder to read.
Background colors or images are missing
Likely cause: Background printing is disabled. Fix: set options.background = True and verify whether the site’s print styles retain those backgrounds.
Elements are missing or positioned differently
Likely cause: The site uses print-specific styles or fixed/sticky positioning, or content was not rendered before printing. Fix: inspect the target page’s print layout and wait for the required content; do not assume the screen view and print view share identical dimensions or element behavior.
The PDF is unexpectedly large or the operation fails
Likely cause: A very long or wide page may exceed practical browser, driver, or PDF implementation constraints. The official references reviewed do not publish a universal size limit. Fix: reduce unnecessary content or use conventional pages if a single sheet is not reliable for the target document. Test with the actual page rather than relying on an assumed maximum.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Selenium’s custom page-size method guarantee a single-page PDF for any webpage?
No. Selenium documents best-effort printing, and print CSS, browser behavior, and very large page dimensions can affect the result.
What units should I use for Selenium custom PDF dimensions?
The custom page-size helper accepts centimeters. The example converts CSS pixels using 2.54 cm per 96 CSS pixels.
Can I use Selenium’s PNG screenshot method to make a full-page PDF?
The documented window screenshot method saves PNG output; it is separate from the PDF print method.
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