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What does complex() do?
A complex number has a real part and an imaginary part. Python writes the imaginary unit with a j or J suffix; the value 3+4j therefore has real part 3 and imaginary part 4. Use complex() either to convert one input or to construct a value from two inputs.
Python complex values expose their components through .real and .imag:
z = complex(3, 4)
print(z.real) # 3.0
print(z.imag) # 4.0Both components are floating-point numbers. See the Python 3.14.8 numeric-types reference.
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Choose the right call form
| Call form | Use it for | Example | Typical issue |
|---|---|---|---|
| One string | Parsing a textual complex value | complex('3+4j') |
Malformed syntax raises ValueError. |
| One number | Converting a numeric value, with zero imaginary part | complex(1.23) gives (1.23+0j) |
The input must support the documented conversion protocol. |
| Two numbers | Supplying real and imaginary parts separately | complex(-1.23, 4.5) gives (-1.23+4.5j) |
Both arguments must be numeric; this form is not string parsing. |
| No arguments | Creating zero | complex() gives 0j |
None. |
Convert a string to a complex number
A string can represent a real value, an imaginary value, or a real-plus-imaginary value. The imaginary component uses j or J; when both components appear, the imaginary component must have an explicit sign.
complex('5') # (5+0j)
complex('4j') # 4j
complex('3+4j') # (3+4j)
complex('3-4J') # (3-4j)
complex(' (3+4j) ') # (3+4j)Whitespace surrounding the expression and parentheses are allowed. Whitespace inside the expression is restricted: complex('1 + 2j') raises ValueError. If input comes from a user or file, validate or normalize its format rather than assuming spaces around the operator are accepted.
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Construct a value from real and imaginary parts
Pass the real component first and the imaginary component second. This is useful when the two values are already separate variables; do not add a j suffix to the second argument.
real_part = -1.23
imag_part = 4.5
z = complex(real_part, imag_part)
print(z) # (-1.23+4.5j)How conversion handles other objects
For an object that is not already a supported string or number, complex(x) tries conversion methods in this order: x.__complex__(), then x.__float__(), then x.__index__(). The __index__() fallback was added in Python 3.8. This protocol order matters when implementing a custom numeric class: define the method that best represents conversion to a complex value.
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Python 3.14 also adds complex.from_number(x), a distinct class method for converting a number. It is not another spelling of the two-argument construction form; consult the built-in-functions reference when targeting that version or later.
What operations work on complex values?
Complex numbers support arithmetic such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They do not support ordering comparisons such as < or >; floor division and some other operations listed for real numeric types are unavailable for complex values. If code needs to sort or compare values, choose a meaningful component or magnitude explicitly instead of ordering complex numbers directly.
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