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How to write your first Playwright test
Create a test file such as tests/get-started.spec.ts and add:
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('get started link', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://playwright.dev/');
await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Get started' }).click();
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Installation' })).toBeVisible();
});This follows the pattern in the Playwright guide to writing tests: perform browser actions, then assert the resulting state.
testdefines and names a scenario.pageis the browser page supplied to the test.getByRolefinds an element by its accessible role and name—in this case, a link labeled “Get started.”click()performs the interaction.expect(...).toBeVisible()checks that the destination heading appears.
Why the fixture and assertions matter
Playwright gives each test using the page fixture an isolated BrowserContext. That separation helps prevent cookies, storage, or other browser state from one test leaking into another. Interactions wait for actionability, and web-first assertions wait for the expected UI condition. Prefer those state-based waits over fixed sleeps such as waitForTimeout(), which can be too short on a slow run and waste time on a fast one.
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Install Playwright and prepare a project
Follow the official Playwright setup guide for the package manager and project you use. Keep the Playwright package and browser binaries aligned by installing browsers with the instructions for your installed version; browser updates can require reinstalling the binaries. The browser installation guide explains the supported install commands.
- Install
@playwright/testusing the package manager appropriate to your project. - Install the Playwright browser binaries required for your configured projects.
- Save tests in files matching the configured test pattern. Common names include
*.spec.tsand*.test.ts. - Import
testandexpectfrom@playwright/test, then add tests using actions and assertions.
For a CI environment using npm and a lockfile, Playwright’s baseline sequence is:
npm ci
npx playwright install --with-deps
npx playwright testThe first command installs locked project dependencies, the second installs browsers and required operating-system packages, and the third runs the configured suite.
Choose reliable locators and assertions
Prefer locators that reflect how a person identifies an interface element. Role and accessible name are often a clear starting point:
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page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' })The Playwright best-practices guide recommends user-facing locators. For outcomes, use asynchronous web-first assertions such as:
await expect(locator).toBeVisible()to check visibility.await expect(locator).toHaveText('Saved')to check rendered text.await expect(page).toHaveURL(//account/)to check navigation.await expect(page).toHaveTitle('Account')to check the document title.
These matchers wait for the condition instead of checking only once. If a test is failing intermittently, first verify that it locates the intended element and asserts the actual user-visible result; do not paper over a race with an arbitrary delay.
How to run Playwright tests
Run the suite from the project directory:
npx playwright testPlaywright runs tests headlessly by default. The running and debugging guide and command-line reference document useful ways to narrow or inspect a run:
| Goal | Command |
|---|---|
| Run one test file | npx playwright test tests/get-started.spec.ts |
| Run tests matching a title pattern | npx playwright test -g "get started link" |
| Run one configured browser project | npx playwright test --project=chromium |
| Run with a visible browser | npx playwright test --headed |
| Open interactive UI mode | npx playwright test --ui |
| Run with Playwright Inspector debugging | npx playwright test --debug |
| Open the HTML report | npx playwright show-report |
Project names depend on your configuration; chromium is an example, not a guaranteed project name.
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How to run tests in different browsers and devices
Configure Playwright projects to run a suite with different browser or device settings. Projects can target Chromium, Firefox, WebKit, branded browsers such as Chrome or Edge, and emulated tablet or mobile devices. See Playwright projects for configuration details.
Choose coverage to match the browsers and devices your application supports. Running every configuration on every change may cost more time than the risk justifies; teams can reserve broader coverage for selected branches or scheduled runs. A project is a configuration choice, not a claim that one browser run proves compatibility everywhere.
Parallel execution, retries, and stable results
Playwright runs test files in parallel by default. Tests in a single file run in order unless you configure parallel execution. Locally, tune workers to the machine’s available capacity; excessive concurrency can compete for CPU and memory and make runs less predictable. The parallelism guide covers worker and sharding options.
For CI, Playwright recommends one worker as a stability and reproducibility baseline. If the suite needs more throughput and the CI system supports it, sharding can distribute tests across jobs. A powerful self-hosted runner may have different capacity, so worker count should reflect the environment rather than a universal number.
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Retries rerun failed tests, but they are diagnostic help—not a substitute for fixing an unstable test or environment. After a failure, Playwright discards the worker and starts a new one. A test that passes only on retry is a flaky signal worth investigating. See the retries guide.
Debug a failing test
- Run
npx playwright test --uito inspect and rerun tests interactively. - Use
npx playwright test --debugto open Playwright Inspector and step through the test. - Use
npx playwright test --headedwhen you need to see the browser without the full inspector workflow. - After a run, execute
npx playwright show-reportto review failures and test steps in the HTML report. - If a browser will not launch in CI, run
DEBUG=pw:browser npx playwright testto print browser-launch diagnostics, as documented in the CI guide.
Common failures and practical fixes
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to try |
|---|---|---|
| Browser executable is missing or will not launch | The required browser binary or operating-system dependencies are not installed, or the browser installation does not match the package version. | Run the browser installation command for the installed Playwright version; on CI, use npx playwright install --with-deps on the documented Linux setup. |
| Locator times out waiting for an element | The locator does not match the page, the accessible name differs, or the UI has not reached the asserted state. | Inspect the page in UI mode or Inspector and refine the user-facing locator; assert the state that signals readiness rather than adding a fixed sleep. |
| Test passes locally but fails intermittently in CI | Timing, shared external state, or machine contention may differ between environments. | Use web-first assertions, isolate test state, inspect the report and traces available in the run, and reduce CI workers if stability is the priority. |
| Headed Linux test cannot start | A display server is unavailable. | Use Xvfb for headed Linux execution. The Playwright Docker image and GitHub Action include it. |
| HTML report is not visible after a run | The report has not been opened or preserved as a CI artifact. | Run npx playwright show-report locally; in CI, configure the job to retain the generated HTML report artifact. |
Run Playwright tests in CI
A dependable CI job needs locked dependencies, the matching browser binaries, and any required operating-system packages before it runs tests. Use the documented provider workflow for your environment; the official CI guide includes GitHub Actions and other providers and shows how to retain an HTML report artifact.
- Install dependencies from the lockfile, such as with
npm ci. - Install browsers and OS dependencies, for example with
npx playwright install --with-depswhere appropriate. - Run
npx playwright testwith the projects and worker settings chosen for that job. - Preserve the HTML report when you need to inspect failures after the job completes.
Browser binary caching is not a default recommendation in the CI guide: restoring a cache can take about as long as downloading, and Linux system dependencies cannot be cached in the same way. For headed browsers on Linux, Xvfb is required; the Playwright Docker image and GitHub Action include it.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can Playwright run only one test from a file?
Yes. Use a title filter, for example npx playwright test -g "get started link".
Do I need a separate test for each browser?
Not necessarily. Configure browser projects and run the same suite against the projects that match your application’s supported audience.
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