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A 2026 study reports that a specially engineered manganese–zinc sulfide catalyst converted CO₂ into ethylene with 99.1% selectivity under visible light. That figure describes ethylene’s share of the reported product distribution—not the share of all input CO₂ converted. The authors also report an ethylene formation rate of 76.6 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and stability over 200 hours of laboratory cycling.
What the 99.1% result means
In the study, ethylene was the dominant measured product: the reported selectivity was 99.1%, with carbon monoxide formed at 4.2 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and no liquid products detected. Selectivity describes the distribution of products, not conversion. The headline number therefore does not mean that 99.1% of the CO₂ fed into the apparatus became ethylene.
The reported ethylene formation rate was 76.6 μmol per gram of catalyst per hour. These are laboratory results from Tang et al., published in Nature Communications in 2026; they are not a commercial production rate or evidence of a commercially available process. Read the study.
How the catalyst is designed to favor ethylene
The material, written Mn₁–ZnSᵥ, consists of isolated manganese atoms in zinc sulfide containing sulfur vacancies. The researchers used microwave irradiation-induced targeted defect engineering to create low-coordination manganese sites. In the authors’ proposed mechanism, sulfur vacancies leave manganese in an asymmetric Mn–S₂ coordination environment.
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The authors propose that this local environment changes charge distribution and strengthens adsorption of *CO, a carbon-containing reaction intermediate. It also favors coupling between *CO and *CHO to form *COCHO, an intermediate on the proposed route to the carbon–carbon bond in ethylene. In-situ spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations support this explanation; the mechanism is a proposed account of the observed catalyst behavior.
How it compares with the study’s other catalysts
The study’s catalyst comparisons show how both sulfur vacancies and manganese coordination relate to ethylene performance. The values below are the authors’ reported laboratory results, not comparisons with industrial ethylene production.
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| Catalyst | Ethylene selectivity | Ethylene formation rate | Reported distinction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pristine ZnS | 5.6% | Not stated | Primarily produced CO |
| Sulfur-vacancy ZnS without Mn | 7.3% | Not stated | Contains sulfur vacancies but no manganese |
| Saturated-coordination Mn₁–ZnS | 74.5% | 47.5 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ | Manganese sites have saturated coordination |
| Low-coordination Mn₁–ZnSᵥ | 99.1% | 76.6 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ | Low-coordination manganese sites in sulfur-vacancy ZnS |
The study’s figure caption specifies 298 K, four hours of irradiation, 5 mL of water, and 0.2 g of catalyst for the comparison experiments. Those conditions matter when interpreting the table: the reported values are tied to a controlled setup, rather than being universal performance figures.
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Light, water, and evidence for the feed sources
The authors report visible-light experiments using wavelengths of at least 380 nm, without a photosensitizer or sacrificial agent. The reported apparent quantum efficiency was 8.1% at 420 nm. Isotope-labeling experiments using ¹³CO₂ and D₂O supported CO₂ as the carbon source and water as the proton source.
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What the 200-hour stability result establishes
The catalyst was tested for 50 consecutive cycles totaling 200 hours, with no significant decline in activity or selectivity reported. The authors also report post-reaction characterization. This supports cycling stability under the study’s laboratory conditions; it does not establish industrial operating life.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What remains unknown
The paper establishes a promising laboratory result, but does not establish whether the process can be scaled economically or operated with low lifecycle emissions. It also does not demonstrate a commercial plant, product availability, or compatibility with consumer equipment. The reported selectivity and rate should therefore be read as research-scale catalyst performance, not as proof that CO₂ can already be turned into ethylene at industrial scale.
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This result concerns CO₂ reduction to ethylene. It is distinct from photocatalytic reduction of acetylene to ethylene, a different process that can also appear in reports about photocatalysis.
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- Compatible with various counter electrode shapes, including metal sheets, mesh, or foam, maintaining the device's sealing integrity.
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