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Add grid lines to every subplot
plt.subplots() returns a Figure and one or more Axes. A Figure holds the overall layout; each Axes is an individual plot. For a grid of panels, iterate over the Axes and call grid() on each one:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 6))
for ax in axs.flat:
ax.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 4])
ax.grid(
visible=True,
which="major",
axis="both",
color="gray",
linestyle="--",
linewidth=0.7,
alpha=0.6,
)
fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.3, hspace=0.35)
plt.show()The style values are illustrative; adjust them to suit the figure. With a single subplot, plt.subplots() may return one Axes rather than an array. If you want a consistent array shape, use squeeze=False: fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 1, squeeze=False). Then axs.flat works in either case.
Choose which grid lines appear
Axes.grid(visible=None, which="major", axis="both", **kwargs) controls grid lines for an individual panel. Set visibility explicitly in reusable code; calling grid() without visibility or style arguments toggles the current state. Supplying style properties also makes Matplotlib treat the grid as visible.
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which="major"displays grid lines at major tick positions.which="minor"displays them at minor tick positions.which="both"requests both sets.axis="x","y", or"both"selects the direction.
Common line properties include color, linestyle, linewidth, and alpha. For example, to show subtle major grid lines on both axes, use:
for ax in axs.flat:
ax.grid(True, which="major", axis="both",
color="#888888", linestyle=":", linewidth=0.8, alpha=0.7)Change the interval between grid lines
Grid lines follow tick positions; grid() selects which ticks receive lines, but it does not set their numeric interval. If lines are too dense or too far apart, configure the relevant Axes ticks or locator, then enable the grid for those ticks. For minor grid lines, first make sure minor ticks are configured or otherwise present, and call grid(which="minor"). A request for minor grid lines alone does not establish a custom interval.
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Use this approach when you want to change line density inside a panel. It is separate from changing the whitespace between panels.
Adjust the gaps between subplot panels
Call subplots_adjust() on the Figure to change panel spacing:
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fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.25, hspace=0.3)wspaceis the gap between columns as a fraction of the average Axes width.hspaceis the gap between rows as a fraction of the average Axes height.
These are relative layout values, not pixels or points. Values not supplied retain their existing settings; the initial settings come from the figure.subplot.* rcParams.
Use GridSpec for panel sizing and complex layouts
When panels need different relative sizes as well as controlled gaps, use GridSpec settings through gridspec_kw, or pass width and height ratios to plt.subplots():
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fig, axs = plt.subplots(
2, 2,
figsize=(8, 6),
width_ratios=[2, 1],
height_ratios=[1, 2],
gridspec_kw={"wspace": 0.25, "hspace": 0.3},
)Ratios express relative panel sizes: for example, a width ratio of 2 to 1 makes the first column twice the width of the second. GridSpec also supports layout parameters such as left, right, bottom, and top. See the Matplotlib GridSpec customization example for a worked layout.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Set a consistent style across figures
For a one-off figure, local ax.grid() calls make the intended styling clear. To apply defaults across figures, Matplotlib provides rcParams for grid appearance, including axes.grid, axes.grid.axis, axes.grid.which, and grid.color, grid.linestyle, grid.linewidth, and grid.alpha. Major and minor grid styling can also be overridden separately. Figure panel gaps have their own figure.subplot.wspace and figure.subplot.hspace settings. The Matplotlib rcParams documentation lists the available configuration options.
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Matplotlib also has constrained layout and its own spacing and padding settings. Choose a layout strategy deliberately and inspect the rendered figure, since automatic layout must account for titles, labels, and tick labels.
Keep grid lines behind or in front of plot elements
Grid draw order can be surprising: the grid is drawn as part of the Axis, so changing a line’s zorder alone may not put it where you expect. Use ax.set_axisbelow() to control whether grid lines and ticks appear below or above plot elements. For finer control, the Axes.grid API reference points to the Axis set_zorder() method.
Pick the setting that matches the problem
| What needs to change | Control | What it affects |
|---|---|---|
| Grid-line direction or style in a panel | ax.grid(visible=True, axis=..., ...) |
Which grid lines appear and how they look in that Axes. |
| Grid-line interval or density | Configure that Axes’ tick positions or locator, then enable the matching grid. | Where tick-aligned grid lines fall inside the panel. |
| Gaps between subplot panels | fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=..., hspace=...) or GridSpec spacing |
Horizontal and vertical whitespace in the Figure layout. |
| Relative panel sizes | width_ratios, height_ratios, or GridSpec |
How much layout space each column or row receives. |
| Defaults across figures | Grid and figure subplot rcParams | Global styling and initial panel gaps. |
The Figure API documentation describes subplot spacing, while the Axes and subplots guide explains how Axes and subplot arrangements fit together.
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