The Tool Desk
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Why concurrent publishing runs conflict
GitHub Actions allows workflow and job runs to execute concurrently by default. If two publishing runs start from the same branch state, one may push first. The other then tries to update a remote branch that has advanced beyond its starting point. Git normally rejects that non-fast-forward update rather than silently replacing the newer history.
Coordinate at both layers: use a shared CI concurrency policy for runs that mutate the same target, and ensure a rejected push is reconciled with the remote before retrying. GitHub explains that a non-fast-forward rejection can mean the local copy is out of sync with, or behind, the upstream repository (GitHub’s non-fast-forward guidance; see also the git-push reference).
Choose whether to cancel or queue publishing runs
The right concurrency policy depends on whether every run’s work must be preserved or only the newest final state matters. GitHub Actions concurrency groups coordinate runs with matching group keys. Runs for unrelated targets can proceed separately if their keys differ.
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| Requirement | Policy to consider | Important trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Only the newest generated publication matters | Use a shared concurrency group; consider canceling an in-progress run when a newer one starts. | Cancellation can interrupt side effects. Use it only if the newer run can recreate the required final state and dropping older work is acceptable. |
| Every publication must be processed | Use a shared concurrency group with queueing. | GitHub documents a queue capacity of up to 100 waiting jobs or workflow runs with queue: max. Ordinary concurrency-group ordering is not guaranteed, so queueing alone does not promise strict sequence. |
| Several refs must update together | Consider git push --atomic if the remote supports it. |
It makes ref updates in that single push all-or-nothing; it does not coordinate separate jobs or connections. |
| A push is rejected as non-fast-forward | Fetch the remote state, reconcile the intended changes or regenerate the output, then retry. | Do not routinely force-push: it can replace newer remote history. |
These are design choices based on documented behavior, not a universal workflow prescription. See GitHub’s current concurrency documentation and workflow syntax reference for the available settings and semantics.
Set a concurrency group around the shared target
Runs that can change the same branch or deployment environment need matching group keys. A common pattern combines the workflow’s identity with the triggering ref, so publications for one branch coordinate while unrelated branches can proceed independently. A deployment to one shared environment may instead need an environment-scoped key.
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concurrency:
group: publish-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: falseThis illustrative GitHub Actions shape groups runs by the derived ref and leaves in-progress work uncanceled. It is not a tested workflow. Choose expressions and cancellation behavior to match the actual target and whether interrupted work can safely be discarded.
Check that every publisher uses the same key
If separate workflows or jobs mutate the same target but use different keys, they may not coordinate. A key that is broader than necessary can also serialize unrelated work. Match the key to the resource being changed: often a branch for generated commits, or an environment for deployments.
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Do not assume the queue is FIFO
With ordinary concurrency behavior, GitHub documents that ordering is not guaranteed. By default, only one run waits; when another run becomes pending, it replaces the earlier pending run. If every publication must be retained, use the documented queueing option and account for its stated limit of up to 100 waiting runs. If processing must follow a strict sequence, design and verify that ordering separately rather than relying on the concurrency group alone.
Recover safely from a non-fast-forward rejection
A non-fast-forward rejection means the proposed update cannot advance the remote ref without accounting for history already there. Retrying the identical stale push does not resolve that mismatch. GitHub’s guidance is to fetch upstream changes before trying again.
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- Fetch the current remote state. Update your local view of the branch that rejected the push.
- Integrate or regenerate. Reconcile the publisher’s intended changes with the updated branch, or regenerate the output from current inputs if that is how the publishing system works.
- Review the result and retry. Confirm the intended generated changes remain present, then push the updated result.
Do not make force-pushing the default retry path. Git’s normal fast-forward restriction helps prevent an outdated publisher from replacing a newer update. A force push overrides that protection and can discard remote history (git-push documentation).
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Use atomic pushes for a different problem
git push --atomic asks the server to apply all ref updates in one push together or none of them. This can prevent a partially applied multi-ref update when the remote supports the option. It is not a lock: it neither serializes independent publishing jobs nor makes separate remote connections atomic. Keep it distinct from the CI concurrency policy, which controls overlap between matching workflow runs (git-push documentation; GitHub Actions concurrency documentation).
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Common concurrency mistakes
- Using different keys for the same target: matching group keys are what allow runs to coordinate, so inconsistent keys can leave publishers racing.
- Dropping pending work unintentionally: under default pending-run behavior, a newer pending run replaces the existing pending run.
- Assuming serialization guarantees order: ordinary concurrency groups do not promise a strict sequence.
- Retrying without updating: fetch and reconcile or regenerate before attempting the push again.
- Force-pushing as routine recovery: this bypasses the normal fast-forward safeguard and risks replacing a concurrent update.
- Treating atomic push as a workflow lock: it applies to ref updates within one supported push, not to independent jobs.
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