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Use JUnit Jupiter’s @BeforeEach and @AfterEach to start and quit a Selenium WebDriver for every test; put browser actions and assertions in @Test methods. This keeps each test’s browser state isolated and ensures the session is released even when a test fails. The example below follows Selenium’s published Java walkthrough.
How do I use JUnit 5 annotations with Selenium WebDriver?
Use Jupiter annotations consistently: they are in org.junit.jupiter.api, unlike JUnit 4’s org.junit.Test. Add the JUnit Jupiter and Selenium dependencies to your build, ensure the selected Selenium release is compatible with your browser and CI environment, then create a driver before each test and quit it afterward.
Here is a complete test class using Selenium’s sample web form. It checks the page title, enters text, submits the form, and checks the confirmation:
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
class WebFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
@DisplayName("submits text and shows a confirmation")
void submitsTextAndShowsConfirmation() {
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
assertEquals("Web form", driver.getTitle());
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click();
assertEquals("Received!", driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText());
}
@AfterEach
void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}The implicit wait of 500 milliseconds is used in Selenium’s example; it is not a universal wait recommendation. For an application that renders elements asynchronously, synchronize on the relevant condition using the wait strategy your project has chosen rather than adding arbitrary delays. Selenium’s walkthrough includes the Java example and its browser setup context: Organizing and Executing Selenium Code.
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What do the main JUnit 5 annotations do in a Selenium test?
| Annotation | Scope and role | Practical use |
|---|---|---|
@Test |
Declares one test method. | Put one behavior and its assertions in the method. |
@BeforeEach |
Runs before each test or parameterized-test invocation. | Create a fresh WebDriver when independent browser state matters. |
@AfterEach |
Runs after each test or parameterized-test invocation. | Call driver.quit() to end the browser session; guard against a null driver if startup may fail. |
@BeforeAll / @AfterAll |
Run once around the test methods in a class. | Static by default. They can be non-static with @TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS). |
@DisplayName |
Sets a readable class or method name in test reports. | Describe the behavior, not internal implementation details. |
@ParameterizedTest |
Runs a test for multiple argument sets. | Pair it with a parameter source such as @ValueSource or @CsvSource. |
@RepeatedTest |
Runs a test a specified number of times. | Repetition alone does not vary test data or prove different behaviors. |
@Nested |
Groups related tests in an inner test class. | Use it to organize behaviors by feature or page area. |
@Tag |
Labels tests for filtering. | Use a small, agreed vocabulary such as smoke or slow. |
@Disabled |
Disables a test or class. | Include a reason and remove it when the issue is resolved. |
@ExtendWith |
Registers a Jupiter extension. | Useful for reusable integrations; a hand-written driver lifecycle does not require one. |
JUnit Jupiter’s official guide covers these annotations and their lifecycle rules: JUnit 5 User Guide, version 5.12.0. Jupiter’s @Test is not the JUnit 4 annotation with a different package: do not mix their imports or expect JUnit 4-style annotation attributes in Jupiter.
Should each Selenium test get a fresh browser?
For introductory tests, a fresh driver per test is usually the easier lifecycle to reason about. Jupiter’s default test-instance lifecycle creates a new test-class instance for each test method, but the browser is an external session and still needs explicit teardown.
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| Approach | Advantage | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
Fresh WebDriver per test, with @BeforeEach and @AfterEach |
Independent browser state and straightforward cleanup. | Repeated browser startup adds time. |
Shared WebDriver per class, with @BeforeAll and @AfterAll |
Can reduce browser startup overhead. | Cookies, windows, navigation, and mutable state can leak between tests; define reset rules deliberately. |
Class-level lifecycle methods are static unless the class uses @TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS). That mode lets the class-level hooks be non-static, but one test object is shared across methods, so fields can retain state. Choose it only when the shared session has a clear purpose and reset strategy.
How do I test several input values?
Use @ParameterizedTest with a parameter source to exercise the same behavior for multiple inputs. For example, this method accepts two strings as arguments:
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import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(strings = { "Selenium", "JUnit Jupiter" })
void acceptsText(String input) {
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys(input);
// Complete the flow and assert the application-specific result.
}This is a pattern, not a standalone test: add the page navigation, remaining interaction, and assertion that match your application. The build must include junit-jupiter-params, aligned to the same version as the other Jupiter artifacts.
How should I set up and synchronize the test?
- Choose compatible build dependencies. Select Selenium and JUnit Jupiter releases compatible with the project, and verify their release documentation rather than treating any coordinates as universally current. Include the Jupiter params module if using parameterized tests.
- Use one annotation family. Import Jupiter annotations from
org.junit.jupiter.apiand assertions fromorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions. - Confirm browser availability. Selenium’s Java walkthrough uses
ChromeDriver. Driver management behavior and browser compatibility can change; check the selected Selenium release and the browsers available in local or CI environments. - Wait for the condition that matters. When content is asynchronous, wait for the relevant element or state using the project’s chosen synchronization strategy. Do not inflate fixed waits without a reason.
- Always release the session. Use
quit()in teardown.close()closes a window and is not a substitute for ending the full WebDriver session.
Common Selenium and JUnit lifecycle problems
- JUnit does not discover the test: check that the test uses Jupiter’s
@Testimport and that the build is configured for Jupiter, not only JUnit 4. - Parameterized-test annotations are unresolved: add the version-aligned
junit-jupiter-paramsdependency. - A teardown error appears after driver startup fails: guard
driver.quit()with a null check, as in the example. - The test passes alone but fails in a class run: look for shared browser state, especially if using a class-scoped driver. Reset cookies, windows, navigation, and application state, or return to per-test drivers.
- An element is missing intermittently: the page may not have reached the required state when the lookup runs. Wait for the relevant condition instead of relying on arbitrary sleep durations.
- Browser startup fails locally or in CI: check the installed browser and the compatibility and driver-management guidance for your chosen Selenium release.
- Browser processes remain after tests: ensure teardown invokes
quit(), not onlyclose(), and that the teardown method is recognized as Jupiter’s@AfterEach.
Or skip the browser setup
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cURL example, adapted to the Selenium sample page; see the ScreenshotNeo documentation for request options:
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Sources and version scope
The annotation and lifecycle guidance here follows the JUnit Team’s version 5.12.0 User Guide. The Selenium interaction example follows the official Selenium Java walkthrough. Browser and driver compatibility depends on the versions selected for your project and environment.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does JUnit 5 require static @BeforeAll methods?
By default, yes. They may be non-static when the class uses @TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS).
Can I use @ParameterizedTest without adding another JUnit module?
No. Include junit-jupiter-params at a version aligned with your other Jupiter artifacts.
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