HTML5 video can link to a requested time range with a media-fragment URL, display captions and other timed text through WebVTT tracks, and show a preview image with the poster attribute. These are separate browser features: poster displays an image you provide; it does not generate a video frame for you.
Link to a specific part of a video
Add a temporal media fragment to the video URL. The #t= fragment requests a start time and, optionally, an end time.
<video controls preload="metadata" poster="/thumbs/intro.jpg"
src="/media/lesson.mp4#t=30,45">
<track kind="captions" srclang="en" label="English"
src="/captions/lesson-en.vtt" default>
</video>Here, #t=30,45 requests playback from 30 seconds through 45 seconds. Media-fragment time values can also use clock-style notation. The fragment is part of the media URL, so you can share a link that asks a supporting browser and media format to start at a particular point. Keep the player’s controls available: behavior can vary with browser and media-format support, and users still need a way to navigate if a fragment is not handled.
Use a spatial fragment when a region matters
Media fragments can also identify a spatial rectangle with xywh syntax, for example #xywh=160,120,320,180. This is distinct from a time range: it describes an area of the media rather than a playback interval. Check support in the browsers and media formats you target before depending on either kind of fragment.
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When to use JavaScript seeking instead
A media fragment is the straightforward choice for a shareable time-based URL. Use application code when seeking must respond to application state or custom controls; a script can set the media element’s playback position. A custom query parameter has no built-in media-fragment behavior, so your application would need to read it and perform the seek itself.
Add captions, subtitles, chapters, or metadata
Put a <track> element inside <video> or <audio> and point its src to a WebVTT file. Use srclang to identify the track language and label for the name shown to viewers. The default attribute marks the preferred track.
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<video controls src="/media/lesson.mp4">
<track kind="captions" srclang="en" label="English"
src="/captions/lesson-en.vtt" default>
<track kind="subtitles" srclang="es" label="Español"
src="/captions/lesson-es.vtt">
<track kind="chapters" srclang="en" label="Chapters"
src="/captions/lesson-chapters.vtt">
</video>Choose the track kind for its purpose
captions: Dialogue plus relevant non-speech sounds, such as a door closing, for viewers who need or choose captions.subtitles: Dialogue rendered in another language or otherwise presented as subtitles.chapters: Timed section titles that can help viewers navigate a longer recording.descriptions: Timed descriptions intended to make visual information available to people who cannot see it.metadata: Timed data intended for scripts or other programmatic use rather than ordinary display.
Captions and subtitles are not interchangeable labels: captions can include meaningful sound information as well as speech, while subtitles commonly present dialogue for language comprehension. Provide the track that fits the audience and content, and use valid language tags such as en or es.
Write a WebVTT file
A WebVTT file starts with the WEBVTT header. Each cue has a start time, an end time, and text that is displayed during that interval.
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WEBVTT
00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:33.500
Welcome to the lesson.
00:00:33.500 --> 00:00:36.000
[door closes]The bracketed sound cue gives caption users information that spoken dialogue alone would not convey. Cue settings can control presentation details such as position, alignment, line, size, and region. Check timing and readability against the actual video; mistimed cues, low contrast, small text, or text obscured by player controls can make a technically valid file difficult to use.
Style or control WebVTT cues
CSS can style supported cue properties through ::cue. For example:
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video::cue {
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
color: white;
font-size: 1rem;
}Test the result in the browsers and players you support, especially on small screens where cue size, contrast, placement, and overlap matter. Do not rely on ::cue-region without checking support in your target environment.
JavaScript can inspect text tracks, create a TextTrack, and add VTTCue objects. This is useful when cues are generated or changed by an application, but native WebVTT tracks are simpler when the timed text is already available as a file.
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Show a thumbnail before playback
Set poster to the URL of an image that represents the video. The browser can show it while video data is unavailable.
<video controls poster="/images/course-intro-1280x720.jpg"
src="/media/course-intro.mp4">
<track kind="captions" src="/captions/course-intro.vtt"
srclang="en" label="English" default>
</video>Choose a representative, compressed image and provide a descriptive heading or nearby text so the video is identifiable outside the image itself. The attribute accepts an image URL; it does not extract a frame at a requested timestamp or create a new thumbnail.
Static poster versus a generated frame
- Use
posterwhen one preview image is appropriate for the video. Prepare the image separately and set its URL on the element. - Generate a frame asset when the preview must come from a particular timestamp or change dynamically. Create it in a media pipeline or with application code, then provide the resulting image URL as the poster.
- Use a runtime canvas workflow only if the application needs to capture or update a frame in the browser. That behavior is application logic, not a thumbnail-generation feature of the HTML video element.
Fix captions that fail to load from another domain
A WebVTT track must be accessible under the page’s origin rules. Same-origin hosting is the simplest setup. For a track hosted on another origin, configure cross-origin access on the media element and have the track host allow the page’s origin through its CORS response headers.
<video controls crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://media.example/video.mp4">
<track kind="captions" srclang="en" label="English"
src="https://captions.example/video-en.vtt" default>
</video>The example uses different origins, so the relevant servers must be configured to permit the required cross-origin requests. Adding crossorigin alone cannot make a server allow access. If the captions do not appear, check the VTT request in the browser’s network tools, the response’s CORS headers, the file URL, and whether the response is actually a valid WebVTT file.
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Deployment checklist
- Test the video’s format and media-fragment behavior in the browsers you support.
- Keep ordinary playback controls or equivalent navigation available as a fallback for fragment behavior.
- Include captions for dialogue and meaningful sound cues, and offer subtitles in the languages your audience needs.
- Use chapters for long videos and descriptions when viewers need access to important visual information.
- Test VTT loading under the real hosting origin and CORS policy, not only on a local development server.
- Check cue contrast, size, placement, timing, and overlap on small screens.
- Use a representative poster and descriptive nearby text; generate timestamp-specific preview images outside the HTML attribute.
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