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Assume an AI chatbot’s factual claims are unverified until you check them. Break the answer into individual claims, open and test each citation against the exact statement it supports, then confirm important claims with current authoritative sources. A confident tone is not evidence—and a citation that mentions the same topic may still fail to support the claim.
1. Separate checkable claims from advice and opinion
Read the response once for its overall point, then go sentence by sentence and mark claims that could be confirmed or disproved. Check names, dates, numbers, quotations, causes, descriptions of laws or policies, and statements about what a source says. Keep recommendations and opinions separate from the factual premises they rely on.
The House of Commons Library recommends identifying each fact or claim in generated material and verifying each one independently. This makes a long answer manageable: instead of asking whether the whole response is “right,” you can assess each claim on its own.
2. Open every citation and test what it proves
Do not rely on a chatbot’s citation text, preview, or link alone. Open the page and check that it exists, who published it, and its date or update information where available. Then look for the specific evidence behind the chatbot’s sentence. A page about the same subject is not necessarily support for the particular number, quotation, or conclusion attached to it.
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Chatbots can produce fabricated citations, and a real citation may be only loosely connected to the claim. Government of Canada guidance for AI help applications likewise emphasizes linking to the correct authoritative page so readers can review the underlying information. If the link is broken, the cited page does not contain the claim, or the source cannot be identified, treat the claim as unsupported—not as verified.
3. Trace consequential claims to original or authoritative sources
When a claim matters, follow it back to the strongest available evidence. The best source depends on the claim:
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- Official figures: look for the relevant official statistics or dataset.
- Current rules: check the legislation, regulator, or government department responsible for the jurisdiction.
- Research findings: inspect the original study or dataset when possible, rather than relying only on a summary.
- Explanations and context: a reputable secondary source can help, but check whether it accurately represents the original evidence.
The House of Commons Library identifies official statistics, primary legislation, government departments, recognised regulators, peer-reviewed research, and its own briefings as examples of reputable sources. Primary sources are not automatically complete or suitable for every question; assess whether the material actually answers the claim being checked.
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4. Evaluate whether a source fits the claim
For each source, consider its authority and expertise, how directly it connects to the original evidence, whether its information is traceable, and whether it is relevant to the exact claim. Also consider who published it, what evidence it presents, and whether its incentives or perspective could matter. If those points are unclear, compare it with another suitable source.
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A source can be trustworthy in general yet still be a poor fit for a particular statement. For example, an accurate overview may not establish a precise figure, and material from one jurisdiction may not describe the rules in another.
5. Check date, jurisdiction, version, and scope
Confirm that the source covers the same place, time, version, population, and circumstances as the chatbot’s claim. Look for publication and update dates, and check whether the underlying material has since changed. This matters especially for laws, policies, statistics, software instructions, and other information that can become outdated.
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The House of Commons Library’s AI-checking guidance specifically recommends checking whether claims are current or out of date and seeking independent confirmation. If the chatbot gives no jurisdiction or context, do not assume one: establish what the claim is supposed to cover before deciding whether a source supports it.
6. Corroborate claims when the consequences are significant
For a surprising, disputed, or consequential claim, seek confirmation from a genuinely independent source. Several pages repeating the same original report do not necessarily provide independent corroboration. If credible sources disagree, examine what evidence each uses and whether they are addressing the same question; record the disagreement rather than treating the chatbot’s chosen version as settled.
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If you cannot find adequate support, label the claim unverified and do not rely on it as established fact. For specialized or high-stakes questions, involve an appropriately qualified expert. The House of Commons Library briefing puts the principle plainly: “The best guard against hallucinations from AI is to check everything generated carefully, ideally with an expert.” This workflow can reduce the chance of relying on an error, but it cannot guarantee that a claim is true or replace professional advice.
What to do when a chatbot answer fails a check
- No working citation: look for authoritative evidence independently; do not treat the chatbot’s reference as proof.
- A citation exists but does not support the sentence: reject that citation as evidence for the claim and check the original source or another relevant authority.
- The source is outdated or covers a different scope: find material matching the claim’s date, jurisdiction, version, or population.
- Sources conflict or the stakes are high: note the uncertainty and seek independent confirmation or qualified expert guidance.
AI-detection tools do not establish whether a factual claim is true. The useful question is whether the claim is supported by evidence, not whether the prose appears machine-generated.
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