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What the Page Object Model does
A page object represents a web page—or a meaningful region of one—as an object that exposes user-facing operations. It keeps details such as selectors and click or typing sequences out of individual tests. When the UI changes, you can often update the relevant page object instead of editing every test that used the old selector. Selenium’s Page Object Model guidance describes this separation.
A test should read like a scenario: open the login page, sign in, then check the result. The page object handles how to perform those actions. The test decides whether the observed result meets the scenario’s expectation.
Install Selenium and prepare Node.js
The Selenium JavaScript API reference specifies Node.js 22 or later and documents installation with npm install selenium-webdriver. The support dates published in the API reference accessed October 3, 2026 are Node.js 22 through April 30, 2027; Node.js 24 through April 30, 2028; and Node.js 26 through April 30, 2029. Runtime support policies can change, so check the current Selenium JavaScript API reference when choosing a Node release.
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- Install a supported Node.js release and create or enter your test project.
- Run
npm install selenium-webdriver. - Use a browser supported by your Selenium setup. Selenium Manager can automatically handle browser-driver installation in the documented local setup.
Build page objects around actions and outcomes
This illustrative JavaScript adaptation applies Selenium’s documented design principles; selectors and expected text are examples, not application-specific values. Save it in a file such as pages.js:
const { By } = require('selenium-webdriver')
class LoginPage {
constructor(driver) {
this.driver = driver
this.username = By.name('username')
this.password = By.name('password')
this.submit = By.css('button[type="submit"]')
}
async open() {
await this.driver.get('https://example.test/login')
}
async signIn(username, password) {
await this.driver.findElement(this.username).sendKeys(username)
await this.driver.findElement(this.password).sendKeys(password)
await this.driver.findElement(this.submit).click()
return new HomePage(this.driver)
}
}
class HomePage {
constructor(driver) {
this.driver = driver
this.heading = By.css('h1')
}
async headingText() {
return this.driver.findElement(this.heading).getText()
}
}
module.exports = { LoginPage, HomePage }The page object stores locators and provides operations such as open and signIn. Since signing in moves to another page, signIn returns a HomePage object. Keeping this transition explicit makes the next step in a test clear.
Write a test that owns the assertion
The following is the test-flow shape; connect it to your chosen test runner and its assertion library. The test controls the driver lifecycle and checks the expected outcome rather than hiding that expectation inside a page method.
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const assert = require('node:assert/strict')
const { Builder } = require('selenium-webdriver')
const { LoginPage } = require('./pages')
async function run() {
const driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build()
try {
const login = new LoginPage(driver)
await login.open()
const home = await login.signIn('reader', 'example-password')
assert.equal(await home.headingText(), 'Welcome')
} finally {
await driver.quit()
}
}
run().catch((error) => {
console.error(error)
process.exitCode = 1
})Replace the example URL, credentials, selectors, browser choice, and assertion with values appropriate to your app and test environment. Keep cleanup in finally so the browser session is closed when an operation or assertion fails.
Choose page, component, and assertion boundaries
Keep selectors and UI mechanics in page objects
Prefer signIn(username, password) to test code that independently finds username, password, and submit elements. A UI change then has a focused place to update. Expose useful observations such as headingText() when tests need them, rather than exposing every implementation detail.
Use component objects for meaningful repeated regions
A navigation bar, product card, or other repeated region can be modeled as a component object when that improves reuse or clarity. Selenium’s JavaScript binding lets you search beneath a WebElement, so a component can scope lookups to its root rather than searching the entire page. See the JavaScript WebElement API.
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Keep scenario assertions in the test
Selenium’s documentation states: “Page objects themselves should never make verifications or assertions.” It also allows a narrow check during construction that the expected page, or a critical element, has loaded. Use such a check for page identity or readiness, not for scenario-specific outcomes such as whether a particular user should see a welcome message.
Represent different outcomes clearly
If an action can lead to distinct states, design methods and observations so the test can express which path it is taking. For example, a successful login may lead to a home page, while invalid credentials may leave the user on the login page with an error message. Avoid a method whose name implies success if it obscures whether success actually occurred.
Run locally or against a remote Selenium server
For a local browser session, Selenium’s JavaScript API quick start uses Builder, selects a browser, navigates with driver.get, and quits the driver. Selenium Manager handles browser-driver installation in the documented setup.
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For a Selenium Grid or standalone remote server, configure the builder with usingServer. The API reference also documents the SELENIUM_REMOTE_URL environment variable for specifying the remote server. Remote execution moves the browser session to that server; your test still passes the resulting driver into page objects in the same way.
Practical workflow for adding POM to a test suite
- Choose one real user flow and list the actions and observations the test needs.
- Create a page object for each page with meaningful behavior, keeping that page’s selectors and interactions there.
- Pass the WebDriver into each page object so test setup remains responsible for the browser session.
- Return a new page object when an action navigates to a different page; return the same object or a component where that better matches the flow.
- Extract repeated regions into component objects only when doing so improves reuse or makes the model clearer.
- Keep scenario expectations and assertions in the test, with at most a narrow page-readiness check in the page object.
- Close the driver in a
finallyblock and check Selenium’s current JavaScript API for runtime and browser setup requirements.
Troubleshooting common POM problems
- Driver setup fails before the page opens: Check that the installed Node.js version meets the current API requirement, the selected browser is available, and local browser-driver setup or the remote Selenium server is configured. Consult the current API reference for setup details.
- A locator cannot find an element: Confirm the selector against the current application markup and ensure the page has reached the state where the element exists. Keep the selector in the page object so it can be corrected in one place.
- A click or typing step fails intermittently: Check whether the UI has finished rendering or is showing a different state before interaction. Model the required readiness or state observation in the page API, and have the test use it before asserting the scenario outcome.
- A test leaves browser sessions open: Put
await driver.quit()in afinallyblock surrounding the flow, so cleanup still runs when a command or assertion throws. - A page object becomes a large grab bag: Split out a repeated or independently meaningful region as a component, or separate distinct pages. Avoid creating tiny objects solely to wrap a single selector when that makes the flow harder to follow.
- Tests become difficult to understand: Replace raw selector access in test code with operations named for user intent, and keep expected results visible in the test’s assertions.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use Page Objects with any JavaScript test runner?
Yes. Page objects are an organization pattern around WebDriver; the test runner supplies the test lifecycle and assertion tools.
Does Selenium’s Page Object Model documentation provide a JavaScript example?
Its canonical guidance illustrates the pattern primarily with Java. Apply the principles to Selenium’s JavaScript binding, as in the adaptation above.
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