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Use Selenium’s Java PageFactory to initialize annotated WebElement fields in a Page Object. The usual pattern is to create a WebDriver, pass it to the page object, and call PageFactory.initElements(driver, this) from the page object’s constructor. PageFactory is optional: it is a field-initialization convenience, not a requirement for the Page Object pattern.
Initialize PageFactory in a Java Page Object
First create the driver in your test setup. Then define a page class whose constructor receives that driver and initializes its fields. This example assumes the page has elements with the stated locators:
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
public class LoginPage {
private final WebDriver driver;
@FindBy(id = "username")
private WebElement username;
@FindBy(id = "password")
private WebElement password;
@FindBy(css = "button[type='submit']")
private WebElement submit;
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
public void signIn(String user, String pass) {
username.sendKeys(user);
password.sendKeys(pass);
submit.click();
}
}Use the page object after the driver has been created and the browser is ready to visit the page:
LoginPage login = new LoginPage(driver);
login.signIn("reader", "secret");PageFactory.initElements(driver, this) decorates eligible fields on the existing page object. It does not create the browser session or navigate to the page; those remain test responsibilities.
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Let PageFactory instantiate the page object
You can also ask PageFactory to create and return the page object:
LoginPage login = PageFactory.initElements(driver, LoginPage.class);The class overload prefers a constructor that accepts a WebDriver as its only argument and falls back to a no-argument constructor. It throws if it cannot instantiate the class. See the Selenium Java PageFactory API for the current API details.
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How @FindBy and field names locate elements
@FindBy declares an explicit locator for a field. The sample uses an ID for the username and password and a CSS selector for the submit button. Choose locators that match the page’s actual markup; PageFactory does not make an incorrect locator valid.
For eligible fields without a locator annotation, the default field decorator treats the Java field name as a candidate HTML id or name. For example, an unannotated field named username can match an element with id="username" or name="username". This convention is convenient only when the markup supports it. Using @FindBy makes the intended locator explicit when the field name and markup differ.
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The default decorator supports WebElement and List<WebElement> fields. PageFactory creates lazy proxies for them: initialization does not necessarily find the matching element immediately. By default, lookup occurs when code calls a method on the proxy, such as click() or sendKeys().
Understand lazy lookup and caching
Lazy proxy behavior means a field declaration is not proof that an element already exists. If an element is missing, the failure may occur when an action uses it, rather than in the page object constructor. This can be useful when the page is still loading, but it can make the failure point less obvious; use clear page methods and meaningful test diagnostics.
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@CacheLookup changes the default repeated-lookup behavior by caching the element after it is found. Use it only when that element remains valid for the relevant lifetime. If the page replaces or rerenders the element, a cached reference may no longer represent the current DOM element. The API documents the caching behavior; it does not guarantee that caching is safe for every page.
Wait for elements that appear asynchronously
The support package includes AjaxElementLocatorFactory and AjaxElementLocator for waiting up to a configured time for an element to appear before lookup fails. This is an extension point for pages with asynchronous elements; choose a timeout appropriate to your application and test environment. See the PageFactory package API for the locator and decorator classes.
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PageFactory fields versus direct By locators
PageFactory and direct By locators are two ways to organize page-specific element access. Selenium’s Page Object guidance demonstrates direct locators and does not require PageFactory.
| Consideration | PageFactory fields | Direct By locators |
|---|---|---|
| Where the locator appears | On a field, commonly through @FindBy. |
In a page method or a locator field, such as By.id("username"). |
| Lookup behavior | Eligible fields are proxies; by default lookup occurs when a proxy method is called. | The page method calls the driver with the locator when it needs the element. |
| Refresh after DOM changes | Default repeated lookup can locate again; @CacheLookup changes that behavior. |
A method can call findElement each time it acts, rather than retaining a WebElement. |
| Reading an action | The action is concise, but its locator is declared separately on the field. | The locator can be close to the action that uses it. |
| Best fit | Teams that prefer annotated fields and PageFactory conventions. | Teams that prefer explicit lookup in methods or follow Selenium’s direct-locator example. |
For example, a direct-locator page method can look like this:
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class LoginPage {
private final WebDriver driver;
private final By username = By.id("username");
private final By password = By.id("password");
private final By submit = By.cssSelector("button[type='submit']");
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
public void signIn(String user, String pass) {
driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);
driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(pass);
driver.findElement(submit).click();
}
}Keep Page Objects focused on page behavior
PageFactory only initializes fields; good Page Object design still matters. Selenium describes a Page Object as an object model for a page or component that reduces duplicated code and keeps page-specific concerns together. Prefer public methods that represent services the page offers, such as signIn, rather than exposing page internals to tests. Keep assertions in tests in most cases; a page object may check that the expected page or component has loaded, but should not become the place where test outcomes are asserted. Page Objects can model components as well as whole pages. See Selenium’s Page Object Models guidance.
Troubleshoot common PageFactory problems
- An element lookup fails on use: Lazy proxy initialization means lookup may happen at
click(),sendKeys(), or another method call rather than in the constructor. Check that the page is in the expected state and that the locator matches the markup. - An unannotated field is not found: The default field-name convention depends on an HTML
idornamematching that field. Add an explicit@FindBylocator if the markup uses a different value. - A cached element becomes stale or points at old content: Review whether the element is replaced during navigation, rerendering, or other page updates. Avoid
@CacheLookupfor elements whose identity may change. - An asynchronously rendered element is unavailable: Consider the support package’s Ajax locator factory, which waits up to a configured duration before lookup fails. Ensure the timeout is suitable and the locator is correct.
- The class overload cannot create the page object: Provide a supported constructor, preferably one taking only
WebDriver, or instantiate the object yourself and callinitElements(driver, pageObject).
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