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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchUse Cypress .should() after a command that yields the value or element you want to check. Cypress retries linked queries and the assertion until it passes or the applicable timeout expires. Use a callback for several repeat-safe checks on the same subject; use .then() for one-time follow-up work.
How to write a .should() assertion
.should() is chained from a preceding Cypress command; it cannot be called directly from cy. It is an alias of .and(). Cypress supports four forms:
.should(chainers).should(chainers, value).should(chainers, method, value).should(callbackFn)
Choose a command that yields the subject you intend to assert against, then select a chainer that expresses the required state:
cy.get('.error').should('be.empty')
cy.contains('Login').should('be.visible')
cy.wrap({ foo: 'bar' }).its('foo').should('eq', 'bar')The examples use Chai assertions and Cypress’s Chai-jQuery and Sinon-Chai extensions. The expected value should come from your application’s requirements, not from a documentation example copied without context.
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Common UI assertions
cy.get('.left-nav > .nav').children().should('have.length', 8)
cy.get('#header a').should('have.attr', 'href', '/users')
cy.get('nav').should('be.visible')Positive and negative assertions are both available. Be careful with broad negative checks: an assertion such as “not visible” can pass in multiple states, including states other than the one your test is meant to verify. Prefer an assertion that identifies the actual requirement.
How Cypress retries assertions
Queries linked in a Cypress chain retry together. If a linked .should() assertion fails, Cypress reruns the linked query work and assertion until the check passes or the applicable timeout expires. One-time commands do not become retryable simply because a .should() follows them.
Cypress documentation examples commonly show a 10-second default wait, but ten seconds is not a universal invariant: configuration and command-level timeout options can change the applicable timeout. A command’s timeout option can set the timeout passed to the assertion.
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Group checks that must hold at once
A callback assertion lets you check several properties against one refreshed subject. For example, this checks that the current text parses to a number from 1 through 10:
cy.get('[data-testid="random-number"]').should(($div) => {
const n = parseFloat($div.text())
expect(n).to.be.gte(1).and.be.lte(10)
})If an assertion inside the callback throws, Cypress can invoke the callback again while retrying. Keep callback code synchronous, observational, safe to repeat, and free of side effects. Do not put Cypress commands inside a .should() callback. Avoid actions such as clicks, mutations, or behavior that should occur only once; put commands before or after the assertion instead.
What subject continues down the chain?
Most .should() calls yield the same subject received from the preceding command. Some chainers change the yielded value. For example, should('have.css', 'font-family') yields a CSS value, and should('have.attr', 'href') yields an attribute value. A callback’s return value is ignored, so the original subject continues down the chain.
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Check the selected chainer’s yield behavior before chaining commands that depend on a particular subject type. Otherwise, a later command may receive a string or other value where the test expects a DOM element.
Avoid stale elements after a passing assertion
A passing assertion in the middle of a query chain creates a retry boundary: if a later query fails, Cypress does not rerun the queries before that assertion. If the page rerenders in between, later work may use a detached, stale DOM element.
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cy.get('.list').find('li').eq(2).should('contain', 'Header')
cy.get('.list')
.find('li')
.eq(2)
.children('.child')
.eq(3)
.should('contain', 'child')If several checks need to observe the same refreshed subject, a single retrying callback can be appropriate, provided every operation inside it is repeat-safe and contains no Cypress commands.
Choose between .should() and .then()
| Use | Retry behavior | Callback guidance |
|---|---|---|
.should() |
Retries linked queries and the assertion until it passes or times out. | Use for assertions about state that may still be changing. A callback must be repeat-safe and contain no Cypress commands. |
.then() |
Runs once after the prior command settles; it does not retry the earlier query. | Use for one-time handling or manipulation after the preceding command completes. |
A common pattern is to wait for the required state with .should(), then perform one-time work in a following .then(). Do not substitute .then() when the UI may still be updating and the check needs to keep retrying.
Troubleshoot common assertion problems
The assertion times out
Check that the preceding command yields the intended subject, the selector matches the element you expect, and the asserted state is actually reached. If the state takes longer than the applicable timeout, review your Cypress timeout configuration or the command’s timeout option rather than assuming every assertion has the same fixed wait.
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A callback appears to run more than once
That is expected when Cypress retries a failing callback assertion. Remove one-time actions and side effects from the callback; keep it to synchronous reads and assertions, and issue Cypress commands outside it.
A later command receives the wrong kind of subject
Some chainers yield a value such as an attribute or CSS property instead of the original element. Check the chainer’s yield behavior and restructure the chain if the following command needs a DOM subject.
A later query finds a detached element
A prior passing assertion can lock in the subject for the remaining chain. If the page can rerender, begin a new statement with a fresh query from the page root before asserting on the updated element.
A negative assertion passes in an unexpected state
Make the assertion express the state the test actually requires. A broad negative check may be true for several unintended application states; use a more specific assertion when the distinction matters.
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