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Save the Selenium screenshot to a PNG file, then upload that file to an S3 bucket with Boto3. If your test runner should not hold AWS credentials, have a trusted component generate a presigned upload request instead.
Save a Selenium screenshot and upload it with Boto3
Selenium’s Python WebDriver method save_screenshot() saves the current window as a PNG. Boto3’s S3 transfer helper upload_file() uploads a local file to a bucket and object key. The example below combines those documented methods; replace the bucket, key, and driver setup with values from your application.
from pathlib import Path
import boto3
# Assumes `driver` is an initialized Selenium WebDriver.
bucket = "your-bucket"
key = "selenium/run-123/test-checkout.png"
local_path = Path("artifacts/test-checkout.png")
local_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(local_path)):
raise RuntimeError("Selenium did not save the screenshot")
boto3.client("s3").upload_file(str(local_path), bucket, key)Configure AWS credentials through the runtime’s approved credential mechanism rather than putting secrets in source code. The AWS identity used by Boto3 needs permission to upload to the destination bucket and key. In a CI job, make sure the artifacts directory exists and that the WebDriver is still open when the screenshot is taken.
Upload a binary file object instead
If you already have a readable binary file handle, Boto3 also provides upload_fileobj(). Open the file in binary mode:
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with local_path.open("rb") as screenshot_file:
boto3.client("s3").upload_fileobj(
screenshot_file,
bucket,
key,
)Boto3’s transfer helper can split large files into parts and upload them in parallel. That capability is handled by the helper; no upload-speed claim is implied here.
Choose between direct credentials and a presigned upload
| Approach | Use it when | What to configure |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Boto3 upload | The test runner has an approved AWS identity that can write to the intended bucket and key. | Use upload_file() for a path or upload_fileobj() for a readable binary stream, and grant only the required access. |
| Presigned upload | A trusted service can authorize the upload, but the test runner should not have general AWS credentials. | Generate a time-limited request for the specific object and follow the generated method, fields, and signed headers. |
AWS describes a presigned URL as a way to grant temporary access to someone who lacks AWS credentials or permission to access an S3 object. The URL’s capabilities are limited by the permissions of the AWS identity that created it. Boto3 documents presigned POST, which returns a URL and form fields; AWS also documents a PUT approach. Use the request form that your generating component specifies: a POST form and a PUT request are not interchangeable.
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Protect the upload URL and choose a unique key
- Treat a presigned URL as a bearer token. Keep it out of public logs, source control, and user-visible output.
- Use a collision-resistant key, such as a test-run identifier, test name, and capture time. Uploading to an existing key replaces the object at that key; do not assume version history unless bucket versioning has been checked.
- Use an expiry that fits the workflow. The URL can stop working when its configured expiry is reached, its signing credentials expire, or those credentials are revoked or deactivated. AWS documents SDK and CLI presigned URL lifetimes of up to seven days for eligible credentials; temporary role credentials may expire sooner.
- For SigV4 uploads that use a checksum algorithm, send the corresponding checksum header required by the signed request.
Use screenshots as CI artifacts
For CI debugging, a local screenshot can be useful even if you also upload it to S3: the local file remains available to the job’s artifact collector, while the S3 copy can be retrieved through your team’s normal access path. This is a workflow choice, not a performance comparison.
- Choose a key format that separates runs and tests, for example
selenium/<run-id>/<test-name>-<timestamp>.png. - Create the local parent directory before calling
save_screenshot(). - Check the boolean result from
save_screenshot()and fail or report the test appropriately if the image was not saved. - Upload only after capture succeeds. Preserve the local file if your CI system also collects local artifacts.
- Apply the smallest practical permissions to the AWS identity or presigning service, scoped to the destination bucket and key pattern.
Troubleshoot failed captures and uploads
Selenium reports that it did not save the screenshot
save_screenshot() returns a boolean. If it returns false, do not attempt the upload; check that the driver session is active and that the destination directory exists and is writable.
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Boto3 reports an access or credentials error
Confirm that the runtime can obtain credentials through its configured AWS provider and that the associated identity has permission for the intended S3 upload. Avoid fixing this by embedding long-lived secrets in the test source.
The presigned request returns SignatureDoesNotMatch
AWS recommends checking that the URL was not altered, has not expired, the system clock is synchronized, the request’s content type matches the type used when signing, and the bucket Region is correct. Also send any signed headers exactly as required by the presigning component.
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The upload succeeds but a newer screenshot replaced the old one
S3 writes to the object key in the request. If multiple tests use the same key, later uploads replace the object stored there. Give each run a distinct key; check bucket versioning separately if you need retained versions.
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If the goal is a clean website image rather than a screenshot from an existing Selenium test session, ScreenshotNeo can return a screenshot or PDF with one GET request. Its cleanup can accept consent banners and remove more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each cleanup step can be turned off. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and response headers indicate the page verdict and billing status. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for AI agents.
For the full request options, see the ScreenshotNeo documentation. Replace the example URL with the page you want to capture:
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I upload a Selenium screenshot without saving it to disk?
Yes. Selenium’s documented method saves a PNG file; for an in-memory workflow, use a compatible readable binary stream with Boto3’s upload_fileobj().
Does a presigned URL give the test runner general AWS access?
No. It delegates the permitted operation on the specified object for a limited period, bounded by the signer’s permissions.
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