The Tool Desk
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What Jasmine and Karma each do
Jasmine is the test framework: it provides describe and it for organizing tests, expect for assertions, and spies for observing or replacing function behavior. Karma is the runner: it launches the tests in a browser. Angular supplies the testing environment, including TestBed for configuring dependencies and ComponentFixture for working with a component and its rendered view.
Angular’s documentation says Vitest is the default for new projects while Karma remains supported. The workflow below is for projects explicitly configured to use Karma; exact builder options can vary with Angular CLI version. See Angular’s testing overview and Karma and Jasmine guide.
Set up a project to use Karma
Choose Karma when creating a project
For a new Angular project where you specifically want Karma, Angular documents this command:
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ng new my-karma-app --test-runner=karmaUse the Angular CLI version appropriate for your project. New projects otherwise use the current CLI default, Vitest.
Add Karma to an existing project
For an existing project, Angular’s Karma guide lists these package families: karma, karma-chrome-launcher, karma-coverage, karma-jasmine, karma-jasmine-html-reporter, jasmine-core, and @types/jasmine. Install the versions compatible with your Angular and CLI versions, using the package manager already used by the project. The exact install command and dependency versions depend on that project’s package manager and Angular release.
Configure the test target in angular.json for Karma. Angular’s documented example uses the @angular/build:unit-test builder with "runner": "karma" in the target options. Confirm the builder and option shape against the guide for your CLI version; do not replace your project’s existing test target blindly.
In tsconfig.spec.json, include Jasmine’s global types if TypeScript does not recognize names such as describe and it:
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{
"compilerOptions": {
"types": ["jasmine"]
}
}Keep any other types already required by the project. Angular CLI builds much of Karma’s configuration from the test-target options, so a hand-maintained karma.conf.js is not required in every project. If you need custom Karma configuration, Angular documents generating it with:
ng generate config karmaRun the test suite
From the Angular workspace root, run:
ng testIn the documented Karma workflow, this builds in watch mode and launches Karma; changes to test or application files trigger another run. The behavior is controlled by the configured target and CLI version.
Run Karma once in headless Chrome for CI
Angular’s Karma guide gives this headless, single-run example:
ng test --no-watch --no-progress --browsers=ChromeHeadlessThis needs a compatible Chrome browser launcher and a Chrome installation available to the CI environment. Check that your project’s Angular CLI version accepts these options and that the launcher can find the browser. If CI uses another browser or a custom launcher, configure and pass the corresponding browser name rather than assuming ChromeHeadless is available.
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Write Angular tests with Jasmine and TestBed
Test a service through the Angular injector
Use TestBed to register the service or its dependencies, then retrieve it from the test injector. This small example assumes GreetingService is provided by the application and exposes greeting():
import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { GreetingService } from './greeting.service';
describe('GreetingService', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [GreetingService],
});
});
it('returns a greeting', () => {
const service = TestBed.inject(GreetingService);
expect(service.greeting()).toBe('Hello');
});
});Adapt the provider and expected value to the actual service. If the service depends on other services, provide those dependencies or replace them with test doubles in the testing module.
Create a component and assert its rendered state
For a component, configure its imports, declarations, and providers as needed, then create a fixture. A fixture gives you the component instance and the rendered view. Call detectChanges() to run change detection before checking the DOM:
import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { GreetingComponent } from './greeting.component';
describe('GreetingComponent', () => {
let fixture: ComponentFixture<GreetingComponent>;
let component: GreetingComponent;
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [GreetingComponent],
});
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(GreetingComponent);
component = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('renders its greeting', () => {
const heading: HTMLHeadingElement | null =
fixture.nativeElement.querySelector('h1');
expect(component).toBeTruthy();
expect(heading?.textContent).toContain('Hello');
});
});This example assumes GreetingComponent is standalone and renders its greeting in an h1. For a non-standalone component, declare it in the test module and import the modules it needs instead. Match the test setup to the component’s actual template and dependencies.
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Test inputs, dependencies, and user interactions
Tests are most useful when they verify observable behavior. Set an input or provide a controlled dependency, run change detection, and assert the visible result. For an interaction, locate the relevant element, trigger the event, run change detection again, and check the updated view. For example, if a button increments a displayed count, click the button and assert that the displayed count changes rather than testing only a private implementation detail.
Configure a fresh testing module in beforeEach so each test starts with a predictable setup. Jasmine provides the test structure and assertions; Angular’s fixture and change detection connect the component instance to its rendered DOM.
Handle asynchronous behavior explicitly
For asynchronous work, make the test wait for the operation it is asserting. Use an async test and await a returned promise, or use Angular’s testing utilities when the behavior depends on Angular’s stability and change detection. Do not treat legacy Zone.js helpers as universal Jasmine/Karma features: their use depends on the test environment and project configuration. Angular’s testing utility API guide explains the Angular-side tools; some of its descriptions and examples remain in a Karma/Jasmine context while the guide is updated for Vitest.
Debug failing browser tests
When a test fails only in the browser, use Karma’s browser window to inspect execution. Angular’s guide describes opening the Karma browser window’s DEBUG tab, opening developer tools, and setting breakpoints in the test or application code. This is useful for inspecting the DOM, checking whether a dependency was provided, and determining whether change detection ran before the assertion.
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- If the expected element is missing, check the component template, test imports or declarations, and whether change detection has run.
- If TypeScript cannot find
describeorit, checktsconfig.spec.jsonfor Jasmine types. - If Karma cannot launch the requested browser, confirm the browser is installed and the project has the appropriate launcher and configuration.
- If an asynchronous assertion runs too early, await the operation or use a suitable Angular stability utility before asserting.
Common setup and CI problems
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
ng test runs Vitest instead of Karma |
The test target is still configured for the CLI default or another runner. | Inspect the project’s test target in angular.json and select Karma using the builder and options supported by that CLI version. |
| Jasmine globals are not recognized during TypeScript compilation | Jasmine’s type definitions are missing from the spec compilation settings. | Install @types/jasmine as needed and include "jasmine" in tsconfig.spec.json types while retaining other required entries. |
| ChromeHeadless cannot start in CI | Chrome is unavailable to the job, the launcher is missing or incompatible, or the browser name does not match the configuration. | Install or expose a compatible browser and launcher, then verify the configured browser name and CLI options. |
| A component test fails to resolve an import or provider | The test module does not include a dependency required by the component. | Add the relevant standalone import, NgModule, declaration, or provider to the TestBed configuration. |
| A DOM assertion sees stale content | Change detection has not run after setup or after the interaction. | Call fixture.detectChanges() at the appropriate point, or await the Angular operation if it is asynchronous. |
Should an Angular project stay on Karma or move to Vitest?
For an established project with working Karma tests, continuing to use Karma is a supported choice. For a new project, account for the fact that current Angular CLI projects use Vitest by default. The right decision depends on the project’s existing tests and tooling, not on a blanket claim that one runner is faster or better.
| Consideration | Karma and Jasmine | Vitest |
|---|---|---|
| New-project default | Must be selected explicitly when creating/configuring the project. | Default for new projects in the current Angular CLI documentation. |
| Execution environment | Karma launches tests in browsers. | Angular’s current overview says new projects include Vitest and jsdom; browser mode is also available through providers such as Playwright or WebdriverIO. |
| Existing custom tooling | Fits projects retaining Karma configuration, browser launchers, reporters, and plugins. | Migration may require replacing custom reporters, plugins, launchers, and test-specific build configuration. |
| Migration certainty | No migration is needed if the project remains on its configured Karma workflow. | Angular describes migration from Karma and Jasmine as experimental; the schematic handles some common patterns but needs review. |
Angular’s migration guide says migration requires the application build system, installing Vitest and a DOM emulator, and switching the test builder to @angular/build:unit-test. It also calls for auditing old test-target build options and custom Karma configuration. Treat the schematic as assistance, not a guarantee of a complete conversion: inspect transformed tests and manually handle patterns or configuration it does not cover. Existing apps are not required to migrate.
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