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Use Selenium to launch Chrome in Headless mode, set an intentional viewport, wait for the page and its fonts, then save the current browser window as a PNG. The file saving successfully does not prove Hindi rendered correctly: inspect the image for missing Devanagari glyphs, clipped marks, or unexpected font changes. The example below uses Python; replace its sample URL with the government page you are permitted to capture.
Capture a page with Selenium and headless Chrome
Selenium’s ordinary screenshot method captures the browser’s current window, not automatically the entire document. Choose a viewport large enough for the portion you need, and wait for the page-specific content before saving. Chrome’s current Headless mode uses the same browser implementation as headful Chrome. Chrome’s Headless documentation shows the Selenium setup pattern.
Python example
Install Selenium in your environment and make Chrome available. Selenium’s current Chrome setup can manage a matching driver in supported configurations; otherwise install or configure ChromeDriver for the Chrome binary. Keep Chrome and ChromeDriver on matching major versions.
from pathlib import Path
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
url = "https://example.gov.in/" # Replace with the permitted target page
output = Path("screenshot.png").resolve()
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--headless")
options.add_argument("--window-size=1365,1200")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
try:
driver.get(url)
WebDriverWait(driver, 30).until(
lambda d: d.execute_script("return document.readyState") == "complete"
)
# Wait for fonts where the browser exposes the Font Loading API.
driver.execute_async_script("""
const done = arguments[0];
if (document.fonts && document.fonts.ready) {
document.fonts.ready.then(() => done());
} else {
done();
}
""")
ok = driver.save_screenshot(str(output))
if not ok:
raise RuntimeError(f"Could not save screenshot to {output}")
print(f"Saved {output}")
finally:
driver.quit()The 30-second wait is a starting limit for the document-ready condition, not a guarantee that every dynamically rendered widget or image has finished. Add a wait for a meaningful page landmark, such as a heading or table, when the site populates content after initial navigation. Selenium documents save_screenshot() as saving the current window to PNG and returning false if writing fails: Python WebDriver API.
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Check versions and record the environment
Selenium’s Chrome-specific documentation says Selenium 4 is compatible with Chrome 75 and greater, and Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions must match. Record the Chrome and driver versions, operating-system or container image, installed fonts, viewport, device scale factor if controlled, and target URL so a capture can be reproduced. See Selenium’s Chrome guidance.
Chrome’s Headless mode was updated in Chrome 112. Since Chrome 132, the old Headless implementation is available only as a separate chrome-headless-shell binary; older instructions that assume the former implementation may not describe the Chrome binary you are running. See Chrome Headless mode.
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Make sure Hindi text renders correctly
A screenshot is a bitmap of what Chrome rendered. On Linux containers and minimal CI images, verify that the environment has an installed or bundled font with Devanagari coverage. There is no single font package established here as a universal fix for every Hindi government page or deployment.
- Open the saved PNG and look for missing-glyph squares, detached or clipped vowel marks, unexpected fallback fonts, and text wrapping or layout shifts.
- Wait for web fonts before capture;
document.fonts.readyis a useful starting point, but page-specific scripts can still change content afterward. - If the output is wrong, compare the same page in headful Chrome on a known-good environment. Check its installed fonts, browser and driver versions, and viewport against the headless environment.
- Inspect the page at the actual target size: different glyph metrics can alter line breaks, clipping, and element placement.
Capture the full page or use Chrome’s command line
Full-document images
driver.save_screenshot() captures the current window. Increasing the window height can expose more content, but it does not establish that every page will produce a correct full-document capture; lazy-loaded elements and page-specific layout behavior can complicate it. Use a browser-specific full-page technique that you have verified with the target page, or capture sections and stitch them, then inspect the resulting image. Chrome’s Headless Chrome shell documentation also notes that full-page screenshots require extra work.
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One-off Chrome CLI capture
For a static page that does not need interaction or Selenium’s page-specific waits, Chrome’s command-line screenshot is a simpler option. The CLI supports a window size and a timeout:
chrome --headless --window-size=1365,1200 --timeout=5000 --screenshot=screenshot.png https://example.gov.in/Replace chrome with the executable name or path used by your system. The timeout controls when Chrome takes the screenshot; it is not proof that a particular page’s content or fonts are ready. The Chrome Headless command-line reference documents --screenshot, --window-size, and --timeout. It states: “The --screenshot flag takes a screenshot of the target page and saves it as screenshot.png in the current working directory.”
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Use Selenium when a capture must interact with a page, wait for a particular condition, or fit into an existing test suite. Use the CLI for a quick static capture where a fixed viewport and timeout are sufficient.
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsOr skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo offers a one-request screenshot API and an MCP server for AI agents. Its cleanup steps can accept cookie or consent banners and remove more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks or CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and the response identifies the page verdict and billing status in headers. Its MCP tools include take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf. These features do not remove the need to check that the resulting image displays Hindi correctly.
For example, this cURL request saves a WebP screenshot of the target URL. See the ScreenshotNeo documentation for request options.
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curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.gov.in/ -o shot.webpScreenshotNeo has a free plan with 1,000 shots per month and no card required; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots. Sign up for the free plan.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check or change |
|---|---|---|
| Chrome will not start or the session fails to create | Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions do not match, the binary is unavailable, or the environment cannot launch it. | Check the installed browser and driver versions and confirm Chrome can start in the same host or container. Selenium’s Chrome guide covers browser and driver setup. |
| PNG is absent or screenshot returns false | The output path is not writable, or an I/O error occurred. | Use an absolute path in a writable directory and check the return value of save_screenshot(). |
| Hindi characters appear as squares or marks are clipped | The environment may lack a font with Devanagari coverage, fonts may not have loaded, or the page’s layout differs in that environment. | Inspect installed or bundled fonts, wait for fonts, compare with headful Chrome, and inspect the saved PNG rather than treating a successful file write as a rendering check. |
| Screenshot is blank, incomplete, or missing dynamic content | Navigation completion may precede application rendering, or a page element loads asynchronously. | Wait for a page-specific landmark or condition; a general document-ready check or CLI timeout alone cannot confirm application readiness. |
| Bottom of the page is missing | The Selenium method captured only the current window. | Use a verified full-page technique or capture and stitch sections; changing the window height alone is not a universal full-page solution. |
Respect the site’s access rules
Before repeatedly capturing a government site, check its terms and service-specific constraints, particularly for authenticated or high-volume access. The Government of India’s Guidelines for Indian Government Websites and Apps portal provides GIGW manuals, validation resources, and accessibility guidance. Those resources do not determine whether a particular site permits automated access.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does a successful Selenium screenshot mean the Hindi text is correct?
No. It confirms that a PNG was written, not that the browser rendered every Devanagari glyph correctly. Inspect the saved image.
Does Selenium’s standard screenshot method capture the whole page?
No. It captures the current browser window; full-document capture requires a separately verified technique or stitched sections.
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