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When an API request fails, show a clear failure state rather than leaving users with an unexplained empty area. Keep loading and error states separate, and provide a retry when the request can reasonably be attempted again. In React, the right mechanism depends on where the failure occurs: ordinary request failures belong in the fetch flow, while errors thrown during rendering can be handled by an Error Boundary.
Why a blank area is the wrong failure state
An empty panel does not tell someone whether data is still loading, whether there is no data, or whether the request failed. Model those outcomes distinctly: show a pending state while work is in progress, the content when it succeeds, and a failure message if it does not. A useful error state should identify the content that could not be loaded and, where appropriate, let the user try again.
React’s documentation does not publish a statistic for how often API errors cause blank screens or quantify the effect of error-state UI on user outcomes. The case for a deliberate state is practical: it makes the application’s current condition visible and gives users a next step when recovery is possible.
Which React mechanism handles the failure?
| Failure or data mechanism | What to use | What to expect |
|---|---|---|
| A request started in an Effect or event handler | Track the request’s status in its own state or use the corresponding mechanism in your data-fetching library. | Render pending, success, and failure UI from that request flow. Suspense does not automatically detect fetching in Effects or event handlers. React Suspense documentation |
| An error thrown while React renders a descendant | Place an Error Boundary above the subtree that should be replaced. | The nearest Error Boundary handles eligible rendering errors in its descendants. A parent’s ordinary try/catch around JSX does not catch an error thrown later as React renders a child. React error-boundaries lint guidance |
| A Suspense-enabled source is still pending | Wrap the relevant content in a Suspense boundary with a fallback. | The fallback represents suspended work while it is pending; it is not a universal API error handler. React Suspense documentation |
Show request failures in the request flow
For a conventional fetch started in an Effect or event handler, handle its outcome in that request’s state or data-fetching layer. Render the pending state while the request is underway and a distinct error state after failure. The specific state shape depends on the application; React’s Suspense documentation establishes the limitation for Effect- and event-handler-based fetching, but does not prescribe one universal state model.
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Do not expect adding <Suspense> around a component to make an ordinary Effect-based request show a loading fallback or an API error automatically. Suspense is for work that suspends through a supported mechanism. Its fallback handles pending work, not every rejected request.
Use an Error Boundary for rendering errors
An Error Boundary catches eligible errors thrown while React renders its descendant tree, including errors from descendant components and hooks. Put it around the area that should be replaced if rendering fails. React’s lint guidance states: “Try/catch blocks can’t catch errors that happen during React’s rendering process.” A try/catch in a parent that surrounds <Child /> cannot catch an error thrown later when React renders that child. React error-boundaries lint guidance
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The boundary’s location determines the failure scope. A boundary around a single data panel can leave navigation and other page controls available; a boundary higher in the tree can replace a larger portion of the interface. React documents nearest-boundary behavior, but the right hierarchy depends on which surrounding parts should remain usable. The component reference describes Error Boundary behavior and implementation options. React Component reference
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A retry should start fresh work, not merely dismiss the message while leaving the failed result in place. When a rendering error is handled by a boundary, recovery may also require resetting that boundary so React can render the subtree again. React’s use documentation illustrates a rejected-Promise flow with a “Try again” action and a changed key to reset the boundary. That is an example for supported Promise-reading code, not the only valid retry architecture. React use reference
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For a request managed in an Effect, handler, or data-fetching layer, connect the control to a new request and update that flow’s state. Offer retry only where another attempt is sensible; the error message should still make the failed content clear if the user cannot retry or chooses not to.
Account for streaming server rendering
Streaming server rendering has a separate recovery path from an API call that fails after the page has loaded. If a component errors while React streams server-rendered HTML, React can render the nearest Suspense fallback in the server output and retry that component on the client. If it errors again on the client, the nearest Error Boundary determines the visible error UI. Errors in the shell have separate server handling. React renderToPipeableStream reference
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For a client-side request failure after initial rendering, use the request’s own failure handling; do not treat the streaming behavior as though it were the same event.
Choose the failure scope deliberately
- One panel: Use a local request error state or a boundary around that panel when the rest of the page should remain usable.
- A larger route or application area: Place the boundary higher only when that broader section should be replaced on a rendering error.
- Pending work: Use a Suspense fallback only when the data source suspends through a supported mechanism; it does not replace the request’s own error handling for an Effect or event-handler fetch.
- Retry: Ensure another attempt actually starts work and that any relevant failed boundary or request state is reset.
React also documents how transition failures can be presented through an Error Boundary in the useTransition reference. The boundary should still match the part of the interface that needs to recover.
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