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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Run AI-generated security code as untrusted code—even when it is meant to defend your systems. A safe test setup starts with a disposable environment, shares only the files the task needs, provides no production credentials, restricts network access and resources, and verifies the results independently. For code that could harm the host or access sensitive data, prefer a virtual machine or microVM with a separate guest kernel over relying on a container alone.
What a sandbox can—and cannot—protect
NIST defines a sandbox as “A restricted, controlled execution environment that prevents potentially malicious software, such as mobile code, from accessing any system resources except for those for which the software is authorized.” (NIST CSRC glossary, definition attributed to CNSSI 4009-2022.) The key is the restriction: merely placing code in a directory or container does not make it safe.
Generated code, shell commands, setup scripts, and agent tool calls all count as untrusted executable input. OWASP recommends sandboxing AI coding agents and limiting their commands, credentials, network access, and resources. These controls reduce exposure; they do not guarantee that code is harmless or that an environment cannot be misconfigured or escaped.
Choose an isolation boundary for the risk
Containers package applications using operating-system-level virtualization and generally share the host kernel. A virtual machine runs a guest operating system with its own kernel; a microVM is a lightweight VM designed to provide that separate-kernel boundary. A container can be useful, but it is not equivalent to a separate-kernel VM.
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| Environment | What to know | Review before running code |
|---|---|---|
| Container or dev container | Containers use OS-level virtualization; their safety depends on configuration. A devcontainer may run arbitrary setup commands. | Host-kernel sharing, mounted paths, capabilities, privileged mode, setup scripts, network access, and secrets. NIST’s container security guide discusses configuration and operational concerns: NIST SP 800-190. |
| Local VM or microVM | A separate guest kernel can provide a stronger boundary from host processes and files. Docker documents a microVM with a separate kernel for its Sandboxes. | Hypervisor boundary, shared workspace, network policy, persistence, resource limits, and host integration. See Docker Sandboxes documentation. |
| Hosted workspace | GitHub says each Codespace has its own VM and network. | Data handling, secrets, outbound access, configuration scripts, organization policy, persistence, and current service terms. See GitHub’s Codespaces overview. |
There is no universally safest option based on its label. Inspect the actual mounts, credentials, network reachability, startup scripts, and cleanup behavior. The cited sources do not provide a directly comparable benchmark of performance, cost, or resistance to every escape technique, so choose based on the task and the boundary you need.
Set up the sandbox in six steps
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Create a disposable environment
Use a VM, microVM, restricted shell, dev container, or ephemeral hosted workspace. For untrusted code or a stronger host boundary, prefer a separate-kernel VM or microVM where practical. NIST’s guidance on container security reflects why configuration and operational controls matter even when using containers.
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Share only the required files
Make a clean test copy or narrowly scoped workspace. Do not mount your home directory, SSH folder, cloud CLI configuration, credential store, production configuration, or unrelated projects. A sandbox cannot protect files deliberately exposed to it. Docker warns that a mounted workspace can include ignored and untracked files, so Git ignore rules are not a security boundary.
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Keep credentials out by default
Do not provide production keys, deployment tokens, personal SSH keys, or broad cloud credentials. If access is essential, use an ephemeral credential scoped to the task and revoke it afterward. Avoid placing secrets in repository files, container images, or environment variables visible to processes unless that exposure is acceptable. OWASP recommends task-scoped ephemeral credentials and secret storage outside the project tree.
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Restrict commands, network, and resources
Allow only the commands required for the task. Block outbound network traffic if dependencies or external services are unnecessary; otherwise, allow only required destinations. Set CPU, memory, disk, and process limits so runaway code cannot consume unrestricted host or shared resources. Docker documents policy-controlled outbound TCP and UDP disabled by default for its Sandboxes; those are product-specific controls, not universal defaults.
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Test, then verify independently
Inspect the generated diff and the commands the agent proposes, then run relevant tests inside the disposable environment. Review dependencies and use independent checks suited to the code, such as static analysis, secret scanning, fuzzing, structural or black-box tests, and threat modeling. OWASP cautions: “A passing test suite generated by the same agent that produced the code provides no independent assurance.”
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Reset or destroy the environment
Treat changed workspace contents as untrusted until reviewed. Clear task data and credentials, and delete the disposable environment when finished. Check the provider’s current documentation for how workspace persistence and cleanup work.
How to decide what controls you need
Before launching code, answer these questions about the specific task and environment:
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- Could the code damage or expose the host? If yes, prefer a separate-kernel VM or microVM and avoid broad host integration.
- Does the task need files beyond its test copy? If not, do not mount them; if it does, expose only the narrowest necessary paths.
- Does it need credentials or network access? If not, provide neither. If it does, scope access to the task and restrict destinations.
- Can it consume shared resources or persist changes? Set limits and define how the workspace will be reset or deleted.
- What evidence would independently establish the required behavior? Select review and verification methods that do not rely solely on the agent’s own tests.
OWASP’s AI Security Verification Standard (AISVS) project page reports 191 requirements across 12 chapters and three appendices; that is the standard’s scope, not a measure of sandbox effectiveness. See OWASP AISVS. For context, NIST SP 800-190 was published on September 25, 2017, and NIST lists it as updated May 4, 2021.
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