Use one Splinter browser session, visit each URL in a loop, wait for the page content you need, and save each screenshot under a distinct filename. If you see “Connection refused,” first identify the host and port in the full error: the failed connection may be between Python and a local WebDriver, between your client and a remote WebDriver, or from the browser to the website. Those are different problems and need different fixes.
Capture multiple pages with one Splinter browser session
The example below creates an output directory, opens one Chrome session, visits each URL, waits for a page-specific element, and saves one image per page. It uses Selenium’s explicit wait rather than assuming that navigation means all asynchronous content has rendered.
Splinter documents its browser context-manager pattern and the visit method. The screenshot arguments shown in Splinter’s cited documentation come from version 0.18.0; check your installed version before relying on the exact signature or behavior. The example is a practical template, not a tested recipe. See Splinter 0.18.0 browser documentation and the Splinter Chrome driver documentation.
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from splinter import Browser
urls = [
"https://example.com/one",
"https://example.com/two",
]
output_dir = Path("screenshots")
output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
with Browser("chrome", headless=True) as browser:
for index, url in enumerate(urls, start=1):
browser.visit(url)
# Wait for a meaningful page condition. Replace this with an element
# that is present when the content you need is ready.
WebDriverWait(browser.driver, 20).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.TAG_NAME, "body"))
)
host = urlparse(url).hostname or "page"
safe_host = "".join(c if c.isalnum() or c in "-._" else "_" for c in host)
filename = output_dir / f"page-{index:03d}-{safe_host}"
browser.screenshot(name=str(filename), unique_file=False)
The body wait only confirms that a body element exists; it does not prove that a single-page application, image, or delayed widget has finished rendering. For a capture that depends on specific content, wait for that content’s selector or another observable condition. Selenium describes poor synchronization as its most common class of error in its troubleshooting documentation.
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Why one browser instance and numbered filenames?
- A single browser session avoids restarting the browser for every URL. It also makes session setup and cleanup straightforward.
- The loop calls
browser.visit(url)once for each destination. - The numeric index prevents different URLs with the same hostname from overwriting one another. The hostname is sanitized for a readable filename.
- The context manager closes the browser when execution leaves the block, including when an exception interrupts the loop.
Screenshot scope and output
Splinter’s documented screenshot method accepts a name and suffix, a full flag, and a unique_file option; it returns the screenshot path. Set filenames deliberately and check the returned path if you need to log or verify output. Do not assume full=True means a consistent full-page capture in every driver and version; support and semantics can depend on the browser integration. Consult the documentation for your installed Splinter version before choosing capture scope.
The example uses an extensionless base name because the documented method accepts a suffix separately. If your installed version requires or defaults to a particular suffix, set it explicitly according to that version’s API. Keep the output directory separate from your source files and ensure the Python process has write permission there.
Choose a readiness condition that matches the screenshot
Browser navigation and visual readiness are not the same event. A page can return control while JavaScript is still fetching or rendering content. A fixed delay can help determine whether timing is involved, but it is a fragile final synchronization strategy: slow pages may need longer, while fast pages waste time.
Prefer a condition-based wait
Use a selector that appears when the portion you need is ready:
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WebDriverWait(browser.driver, 20).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main article"))
)
Choose presence when an element need only exist in the DOM, visibility when it must be displayed, or a more specific condition when the screenshot depends on a state change. For a page with lazy-loaded images, scrolling or otherwise triggering their loading may be necessary before capture; the exact behavior depends on the site and browser.
Use a delay only as a diagnostic
If adding a short wait makes an inconsistent capture work, that is evidence timing may be involved, not proof of the correct final delay. Replace it with a condition that expresses the content or state required. When no stable page-specific selector exists, a delay may be the only practical fallback, but document that it is an approximation and adjust it for the execution environment.
Diagnose “Connection Refused” by the endpoint
The words alone do not identify the cause. Read the complete traceback and find the refused host, port, and operation. In a browser-automation workflow, at least three separate connections can fail:
| Connection | What to inspect | Useful next step |
|---|---|---|
| Python process to local WebDriver or ChromeDriver | Whether the driver service starts, which executable and port are configured, and whether the browser can be launched. | Check the driver path and service configuration. Splinter documents accepting Selenium’s Service object and a custom ChromeDriver executable path in its Chrome driver documentation. |
| Python/Selenium client to remote WebDriver | The remote endpoint, service status, route, port, and network reachability. | Confirm the configured URL and that the remote service is listening and reachable from the client environment. |
| Browser to target website | Whether the URL is correct, whether one site or many fail, and whether the browser’s network can reach the destination. | Check the address and site availability, then investigate the browser environment, network, firewall, or site-specific behavior. |
A successful WebDriver session proves that Python can control a browser; it does not prove the browser can reach a particular site. Likewise, a website loading in your regular browser does not prove that a separate container, server, or remote browser has the same network access.
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Inspect the exception before changing settings
- Record the complete traceback, not only the final “connection refused” phrase.
- Identify the hostname or IP address and port named in the failing connection.
- Note when it fails: while creating the browser, navigating to a URL, waiting for content, or after a session has been closed.
- Check whether the same failure occurs for every URL or only one target.
- Only then change the corresponding driver, remote endpoint, or target-site/network configuration.
A community report of a “Failed to establish a new connection” message does not establish a general cause. Treat the endpoint and traceback from your own run as the evidence for diagnosis.
Check Chrome, ChromeDriver, and session lifecycle
When the refusal happens during browser creation or control, verify that the configured Chrome binary and ChromeDriver executable exist where the process expects them. If you use a custom driver service or executable path, confirm that the path is valid in the environment that runs Python—not merely on your workstation. Splinter’s Chrome documentation describes service and path configuration.
Check that Chrome and ChromeDriver are compatible. Selenium’s troubleshooting guidance recommends checking the browser version and obtaining a matching ChromeDriver: Selenium WebDriver errors. Installed browser versions can change independently of a Python package, especially in containers or managed machines, so include both browser and driver versions when diagnosing a reproducible failure.
If the exception instead says the session is invalid or deleted, inspect the session lifecycle. Calling close() or quit() and then reusing the same session can produce session errors; a closed browser window or changed browsing context can also invalidate assumptions in later code. Keep navigation and captures inside the context-manager block, or use a try/finally cleanup pattern when you manage the session manually.
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Separate one-site failures from broad network failures
If one URL fails while others work in the same browser, check for a typo, redirect, site outage, access restriction, or site-specific network behavior before changing ChromeDriver configuration. If many unrelated sites fail, investigate broader network access, DNS, firewall or antivirus rules, proxy configuration, and the machine or container’s connectivity. Google Chrome Help lists device settings, firewall or antivirus, network problems, browser cookies or extensions, memory use, and site downtime among possible causes of Chrome loading errors: Fix connection and loading errors in Chrome.
Compare like with like: test a known reachable URL from the same browser environment, not only from a different desktop browser. A local machine, CI runner, container, and remote WebDriver host may have different network routes and restrictions.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Local and remote WebDriver: what changes
With a local browser, Python typically controls a driver service on the same machine or execution environment. A refusal at that stage points toward service startup, executable configuration, or the local service endpoint. With a remote browser, there is an additional network hop: the client must reach the configured WebDriver server, and that server must in turn be able to start and control its browser.
For remote setups, verify the endpoint from the client host, check that the service is running on the intended route and port, and confirm that network rules permit the connection. Then separately confirm the remote browser can reach the target website. These checks distinguish a client-to-WebDriver failure from a browser-to-site failure.
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Run ChromeDriver with appropriate security controls
ChromeDriver is a powerful browser-control interface. Chrome for Developers says it allows local connections by default and recommends restricting remote access to allowed IPs, running without a privileged account, using a protected environment, and protecting related network ports. Keep Chrome and ChromeDriver current, and do not expose a driver endpoint publicly without deliberate access controls. See ChromeDriver security considerations.
Common failures and practical fixes
| Symptom | Likely area to investigate | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Refusal occurs while creating the browser | Local driver service, executable path, browser binary, or service configuration. | Verify the configured paths and service startup in the same environment that runs the script. Check browser and driver compatibility. |
| Refusal names a remote host or port | Remote WebDriver endpoint or network route. | Check the endpoint value, remote service status, firewall rules, and reachability from the client. |
| WebDriver starts, but one destination does not load | Target URL, site availability, or browser-to-site access. | Validate the URL and test other sites from the same automated browser environment. |
| Several unrelated destinations fail | Broader network, proxy, DNS, or firewall conditions. | Check connectivity from the machine or container running the browser and review network policy. |
| Screenshot is blank or misses content | Capture ran before the required content rendered, or the chosen capture scope does not match expectations. | Wait for a meaningful selector or state; verify the screenshot API and full-page behavior for the installed driver version. |
| Later loop iterations report an invalid or deleted session | The browser or window was closed, or the session was otherwise ended before reuse. | Keep operations inside the browser context and do not reuse a closed session. |
| Files are missing or overwrite one another | Output path, process permissions, or non-unique names. | Create the directory, check write permissions, and include an index or other unique page identifier. |
Or skip the browser setup
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Operational notes for batches
For a modest list, a sequential loop is easy to inspect: each URL is processed in order, and a failure can be tied to the current index and address. Log the index and URL before navigation if you need to identify which page failed. Decide whether one page’s failure should stop the batch or be caught and recorded so later pages can continue; if you catch exceptions, retain the traceback and mark that page as failed rather than silently treating it as a successful screenshot.
Do not assume a fixed runtime for a batch. Total time depends on navigation, site responsiveness, the wait condition, browser startup, and any images or scripts the page loads. Reusing one session avoids repeated browser startup in the loop, but a long-running session can also accumulate state such as cookies or tabs if your code creates them. Keep the browser lifecycle and per-page state intentional.
Frequently Asked Questions
What information should I include when asking for help with a refused connection?
Include the full traceback, the refused host and port, where in the workflow it occurs, your local or remote WebDriver setup, and the installed Splinter, Selenium, Chrome, and ChromeDriver versions.
Does Splinter’s `full=True` guarantee a full-page screenshot?
No universal guarantee is established across drivers and versions. Confirm what the screenshot option does for your installed Splinter and browser combination.
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