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Review the entire patch against the intended behavior and the repository’s conventions before applying or merging it. Inspect every changed file, scrutinize tests and automatically executed configuration, and run checks suited to the change. A green test run or an AI-generated explanation alone is not proof that a patch is correct or safe.

1. Define what the patch is supposed to change

Start with the request the code is meant to fulfill. Write down the expected behavior, affected interfaces or files, and relevant project conventions. Then compare the patch with that contract: does it solve the requested problem, and does it fit the existing architecture?

When a change could affect other parts of the application, inspect nearby callers and tests. A patch can look reasonable in isolation while breaking an assumption elsewhere in the repository. GitHub’s guidance on reviewing AI-generated code likewise advises checking that generated code fits the project’s purpose, architecture, and conventions.

2. Inspect every changed file

Read the complete diff file by file. Do not use an AI summary as a substitute for looking at the actual edits, and do not stop after finding the obvious source-code change. OWASP advises reviewers to inspect every file in an agent-generated pull request individually and to watch for unexpected modifications.

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  • Check whether files outside the requested scope were changed.
  • Review lockfiles and dependency manifests for additions, removals, or version changes.
  • Inspect changes to tests, build configuration, CI workflows, and deployment files—not just application code.
  • Ask whether each edit is necessary to achieve the requested behavior.

A broader-than-expected diff is a reason to investigate, not a reason to assume the extra edits are harmless.

3. Trace behavior and security-sensitive context

Read changed code in context. Follow data from its inputs through validation and processing to its outputs. Check error handling, permission checks, and boundary conditions, and consider how changed control flow affects callers.

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Automated tools can find many issues, but they may miss flaws that depend on how a feature is used. OWASP describes secure code review as manual examination for vulnerabilities automated tools often miss. That makes human contextual review a necessary complement to tests and scanners, rather than an optional final glance.

4. Review tests as part of the patch

Tests are code, too. A passing suite is less informative if the patch removes coverage, weakens assertions, or changes a test to accommodate a defect. Examine what each changed test actually proves.

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  • Ask why a test was deleted or its expected result changed.
  • Check that mocks do not bypass the behavior the test claims to exercise.
  • Look for negative and invalid-input cases, boundary conditions, and concurrency cases where relevant.
  • Consider whether the tests independently verify the requirement or merely encode the implementation the AI produced.

OWASP cautions that tests generated by the same agent as the code are not independent security assurance. Treat them as useful evidence to inspect, not as confirmation by themselves.

5. Run checks that match the change

Choose checks based on the language, project, and behavior affected. Depending on the repository, that can include compilation or type-checking, relevant unit and integration tests, end-to-end tests, linting, static analysis, dependency review, and secret scanning. GitHub names automated tests, CodeQL or similar scanning, and Dependabot as examples; NIST verification guidance also includes threat modeling, static scanning, secret heuristics, structural and black-box testing, fuzzing, and dependency checks.

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Run the checks that matter for the patch, then investigate failures rather than treating them as noise. A successful run only speaks to what the checks cover; it cannot establish that the change meets the requirement or that its logic is secure. GitHub’s guidance is to run automated tests and static analysis tools first, but those checks belong alongside—not in place of—human review.

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6. Give automatically executed files extra scrutiny

Changes to installation, build, CI, and deployment files can execute in trusted environments, sometimes with access to credentials or networks. Inspect package lifecycle scripts, Docker and build files, workflow definitions, deployment manifests, and generated scripts carefully.

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  • Look for new shell commands, downloads, or network access.
  • Check action references and the permissions granted to workflows.
  • Determine whether secrets could be exposed to a new command or job.
  • Verify that any automatically run script is necessary and understandable.

OWASP warns against blindly pasting and running installation commands generated by an agent: doing so can execute malware. Verify commands and their effects before letting them run.

7. Apply the patch against the real repository state

There is no single safe command for every patch. The right method depends on whether the change arrives as a pull request, commit, or patch file, and on the repository’s current working tree. Before applying it, confirm the target branch and check for local changes that could be overwritten or mixed into the result.

  1. Confirm which branch or base the change should target.
  2. Check the working tree and identify unrelated local edits.
  3. Use the repository’s normal mechanism for the actual patch format; do not run generated commands before reviewing them.
  4. Inspect the resulting diff to confirm that only the intended changes are present.
  5. Run the checks needed for the applied state before proposing or completing a merge.

8. Require human understanding and approval

A qualified developer should be able to explain what the patch changes, why it is appropriate, and what its risks are. That person remains responsible for correctness, security, and future maintenance. Require explicit human approval before merging; an AI summary or AI reviewer is not a substitute for an owner who understands the change.

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