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Use Net::HTTP#max_retries= when you need Ruby’s standard-library retry behavior for documented idempotent transport failures. Use Faraday’s retry middleware when you also need selected HTTP-status retries, backoff, jitter, or Retry-After handling. In either case, bound the number of retries and do not automatically repeat a non-idempotent operation such as an order or charge unless you can prove that repeating it is safe.
What a retry can—and cannot—prove
A timeout, connection reset, or broken pipe tells you that the client did not receive a usable response. It does not prove that the server failed to apply the request. The server might have created a record or charged a card immediately before the connection disappeared. A retry therefore needs both a failure policy and an idempotency policy.
HTTP defines idempotence by intended effect: repeating an idempotent request has the same intended effect as making it once. Safe methods, PUT, and DELETE are idempotent under RFC 9110. A client SHOULD NOT automatically retry a non-idempotent method unless it knows the operation is actually idempotent or can detect that the original request was never applied. That warning matters especially for POST requests that create, reserve, or charge something.
Make a POST deliberately repeatable
- Use the API’s idempotency-key or request-token mechanism, and send the same key on every attempt.
- Have the server deduplicate the key and return the original result.
- Alternatively, query the operation by a client-generated identifier before deciding whether to retry.
- If neither is available, surface an unknown outcome to the caller instead of blindly repeating the side effect.
Option 1: Ruby Net::HTTP built-in retries
Net::HTTP exposes max_retries=. Ruby’s current documentation says its initial value is 1 and that it retries idempotent requests for listed transport and timeout failures, including Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, connection reset or abort errors, broken pipes, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, and Timeout::Error. Ruby 3.2 documents the same initial value. See the current API and the Ruby 3.2 API.
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This setting is not a blanket retry for every HTTP response. A 503, 429, or application-level error is still a response and requires your own policy.
Runnable GET example
require "net/http"
require "uri"
uri = URI("https://api.example.com/profile")
http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
http.use_ssl = (uri.scheme == "https")
http.open_timeout = 5
http.read_timeout = 20
http.max_retries = 2 # maximum retries; up to three total attempts
request = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
request["Accept"] = "application/json"
begin
response = http.request(request)
unless response.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
raise "HTTP #{response.code}: #{response.body}"
end
puts response.body
rescue Net::OpenTimeout, Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError => e
warn "request failed after retries: #{e.class}: #{e.message}"
raise
endThe value must be non-negative. A value of 2 means two repeats after the initial request, not two attempts total. Keep the value small and make the exhausted outcome explicit: return a failure object, raise an application error, or enqueue the work for later.
When Net::HTTP is the right fit
- You already use the standard library and want no extra dependency.
- You need retries for Ruby’s documented idempotent transport exceptions.
- You do not need automatic status-code selection, jitter, or a custom backoff schedule.
Option 2: Faraday retry middleware
Faraday’s middleware provides a policy surface for exception retries and selected response statuses. The current faraday-retry source documents a default maximum of two retries, default retryable exception classes, and a default method list of GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, PUT, and DELETE. Verify option names against the version installed in your application because the main branch is a rolling source.
Install and configure it
gem install faraday faraday-retryrequire "faraday"
require "faraday/retry"
conn = Faraday.new("https://api.example.com") do |f|
f.request :retry,
max: 2,
interval: 0.1,
backoff_factor: 2,
max_interval: 2,
interval_randomness: 0.2,
retry_statuses: [429, 503]
f.response :raise_error
f.adapter Faraday.default_adapter
end
response = conn.get("/profile")
puts response.bodyThose numbers are an example policy, not a universal recommendation. max: 2 allows up to three total attempts. The middleware can select methods, exception classes, statuses, initial interval, backoff factor, maximum interval, and randomization. It also parses Retry-After and applies the server’s requested wait within your configured limits. RFC 9110 says that Retry-After may be an HTTP date or a delay in seconds and indicates how long to wait before a follow-up request. See the Faraday middleware source and RFC 9110 sections 9.2.2 and 10.2.3.
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Retry only statuses that are transient for your API
Do not assume that every 4xx or 5xx response should be retried. A 401 usually needs new credentials; a 400 needs corrected input. Select statuses such as 429 or 503 only when the remote API documents them as temporary. A server may use 500 for a permanent application defect, so include it only with a reason.
Choosing between the two clients
| Concern | Net::HTTP | Faraday retry middleware |
|---|---|---|
| Dependency | Ruby standard library | Faraday plus faraday-retry |
| Built-in scope | Documented idempotent transport failures | Exceptions plus configured response statuses |
| Method control | Ruby decides which requests are eligible | Configurable method list |
| Backoff and jitter | No policy knobs exposed by max_retries= |
Interval, backoff, maximum interval, and randomness |
Retry-After |
Not a status-retry policy | Parsed and combined with configured limits |
| Exhausted result | Your code handles the final exception or response | Your middleware stack raises or returns according to its configured response handling |
Designing a safe retry policy
Bound attempts
Set a finite maximum. A retry loop without a cap can turn a temporary outage into permanently stuck workers and duplicate side effects. Document whether your number means retries or total attempts; both libraries describe a maximum number of retries.
Use capped exponential delay
A common shape is an initial delay that grows by a factor after each failure, capped at a maximum. Jitter adds a small random component so many clients do not reconnect simultaneously. Faraday’s middleware calculates this style of interval and also considers parsed Retry-After or rate-limit reset information. The exact values belong to the remote service’s limits and your latency budget.
Separate transport failures from HTTP responses
Transport exceptions mean the response is unknown. HTTP responses mean the server sent a status and body, so inspect them. Retry only statuses your API identifies as temporary, and preserve response headers needed for diagnostics.
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Keep the operation observable
- Log attempt number, method, host, status or exception class, and elapsed time.
- Never log authorization headers, cookies, API keys, or sensitive request bodies.
- Emit a metric for exhausted retries and for unknown outcomes.
- Attach a correlation or idempotency key so support can trace one logical operation.
Handling non-idempotent requests
For a payment, signup, email send, or order creation, first check the API contract. If it supports an idempotency key, generate one before the first attempt and reuse it. Do not generate a new key inside the retry block. If the request timed out after transmission and the API has no deduplication or lookup endpoint, report that the outcome is unknown and require reconciliation rather than automatically sending a second request.
Common failures and fixes
“It retried, but a 503 was returned only once”
Net::HTTP#max_retries= covers documented transport failures, not arbitrary response statuses. Use Faraday with retry_statuses: [503], or write an explicit, bounded response loop.
“The retry happened too quickly”
Configure an interval and backoff in Faraday, honor Retry-After, and cap the resulting delay. Net::HTTP’s simple setting does not provide a configurable backoff policy.
“A POST created two records”
The operation was repeated without proof of idempotence. Add the provider’s idempotency key, use a deduplication token, or stop automatic retries for that endpoint.
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“The code retries forever”
Check nested application loops, job retries, and client retries together. Set a cap at each layer and define a single final failure path.
“Faraday raises immediately”
Confirm that faraday-retry is installed and that the retry middleware is placed in the connection stack before the adapter. Check that the method, exception class, and status appear in your configured policy.
“The final error contains secrets”
Sanitize exception and response logging. Record status, endpoint category, and correlation ID rather than complete URLs containing tokens or raw bodies.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Testing a retry implementation
- Simulate a read timeout before a successful response and verify the bounded attempt count.
- Return a configured transient status followed by success and confirm delay and
Retry-Afterhandling. - Return a permanent 400 or 401 and verify there is no retry.
- Drop the connection after accepting a POST and verify that your idempotency or reconciliation path prevents duplication.
- Exhaust attempts and assert that the caller receives a clear, sanitized failure.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Net::HTTP retry 429 responses automatically?
No. Its documented setting concerns eligible idempotent transport failures; a 429 response needs an explicit response-status policy such as Faraday’s configured retry statuses.
What is the difference between retries and attempts?
An initial request is one attempt. A setting of two retries permits that initial attempt plus two repeats, for up to three attempts.
Should every timeout be retried?
Only when repeating the operation is safe or protected by an idempotency mechanism, and only within a bounded policy.
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