Use @pytest.mark.parametrize for ordinary test inputs such as URLs and expected titles. Put browser creation and cleanup in a pytest fixture; parameterize that fixture when each case needs a different browser. Give cases readable IDs so you can identify and rerun a specific failure.
Parameterize ordinary Selenium test inputs
When the browser setup stays the same and only the test data changes, put the values directly on the test with @pytest.mark.parametrize. Keep the WebDriver in a fixture so the test receives a browser without owning its setup and teardown.
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
@pytest.fixture
def driver():
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
yield browser
browser.quit()
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"url, expected_title",
[
pytest.param("https://example.com/", "Example Domain", id="example"),
pytest.param("https://www.selenium.dev/", "Selenium", id="selenium-home"),
],
)
def test_page_title(driver, url, expected_title):
driver.get(url)
assert expected_title in driver.titlepytest invokes the test once for each parameter set. The example URLs and expected titles illustrate the pattern; they are not claims that these cases were tested. See the pytest parametrization guide for decorator, fixture, and dynamic approaches.
Keep parameter data safe
pytest passes parameter values as-is; it does not copy them for each test invocation. If a parameter is a list or dictionary and a test mutates it, later invocations may see that changed object. Avoid mutating shared parameters, or create fresh mutable data during fixture setup.
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Multiple parametrization decorators combine into a Cartesian product. For example, two browser choices and four viewport choices produce eight combinations. Use stacked decorators only when every combination is meaningful; otherwise provide explicit case records that represent the combinations you actually need.
Parameterize the browser fixture for browser coverage
If tests should run in multiple browsers, make the fixture responsible for choosing and creating the WebDriver. Every test that requests this fixture will then run for each configured browser value.
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import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
@pytest.fixture(params=["chrome", "firefox"], ids=["chrome", "firefox"])
def driver(request):
if request.param == "chrome":
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
elif request.param == "firefox":
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
else:
raise AssertionError(f"Unsupported browser: {request.param}")
yield browser
browser.quit()
def test_homepage_has_title(driver):
driver.get("https://example.com/")
assert "Example Domain" in driver.titleThis is a pattern illustration, not an executed test. Adjust browser construction to the browsers and runtime your project supports. A production fixture may need browser options, environment-based configuration, or a remote WebDriver. Avoid sharing a browser session across cases unless you have deliberately designed how state is isolated.
Choose a matrix that matches the behavior
- Coverage: include the input and browser combinations needed to exercise the behavior, not every theoretical combination.
- Isolation: decide whether each case should receive a fresh browser session; reused state can make failures depend on execution order.
- Execution cost: each fixture parameter can multiply the number of browser runs, especially when combined with test parameters.
- Maintenance: use a short explicit list for fixed cases, fixture parameters for resource variants, and dynamic generation only when collection rules genuinely depend on configuration.
Use indirect parametrization when input configures a fixture
Use indirect=True when a test parameter is configuration for a fixture rather than a value the test should receive directly. pytest passes that parameter to the fixture as request.param, allowing setup to happen when the test runs instead of while pytest collects cases.
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import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
@pytest.fixture
def driver(request):
browser_name = request.param
if browser_name == "chrome":
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
elif browser_name == "firefox":
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
else:
raise ValueError(f"Unsupported browser: {browser_name}")
yield browser
browser.quit()
@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver", ["chrome", "firefox"], indirect=True, ids=["chrome", "firefox"])
def test_homepage_title(driver):
driver.get("https://example.com/")
assert "Example Domain" in driver.titleFor mixed cases, selectively mark only the fixture-configuring argument as indirect: @pytest.mark.parametrize("driver, url", [("chrome", "https://example.com/")], indirect=["driver"]). In that form, the URL is passed directly to the test while the browser name arrives in the fixture through request.param.
Assign useful IDs and rerun one case
Use ids= on a parametrized fixture or decorator, or assign an ID to an individual case with pytest.param(..., id="..."). IDs make collected tests and failure reports easier to scan. pytest.param can also attach marks, such as pytest.mark.xfail, to a specific case.
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To run one parametrized test instance, use its node ID in the command line. For the first example above, the command is:
pytest tests/test_pages.py::test_page_title[selenium-home]The path, function name, and bracketed ID must match your test’s actual node ID. If you are unsure of the exact spelling, inspect pytest’s collected test IDs before rerunning.
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Handle browser setup and cleanup reliably
A fixture that yields a WebDriver gives pytest a teardown point after the test finishes. Call quit() to end the WebDriver session. Selenium’s Python API documents this fixture pattern. For cleanup that should remain explicit even if test execution raises an exception, put teardown in a try/finally block:
@pytest.fixture
def driver():
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
yield browser
finally:
browser.quit()Modern Selenium uses Selenium Manager to handle browser and driver installation on most supported platforms. Explicit installation or driver specification may still be needed if that does not fit your environment. Check the documentation for your installed Selenium release and browser. Local scripts do not need the Java server; remote WebDriver requires Selenium Grid.
Troubleshoot common parametrization problems
- A test receives a string instead of a WebDriver: the value may be passed directly to the test. Mark the fixture argument indirect so pytest supplies it as
request.param. - The fixture raises an unsupported-browser error: the parameter value does not match a branch in the fixture. Add supported construction logic or correct the case value.
- A browser session remains open after a failure: ensure teardown follows
yieldand callquit(); usetry/finallywhen you want teardown expressed explicitly. - Cases unexpectedly share changed test data: parameter objects are passed as-is, not copied. Avoid in-place mutation or create fresh objects for each invocation.
- The run count is unexpectedly large: stacked parametrization creates every combination. Reduce the axes or use explicit cases when only selected combinations matter.
- A focused rerun says no tests were found: check the test path, function name, and case ID against the collected node ID.
- Browser startup fails before the assertion: verify the browser is installed and supported by the Selenium version in use, then check Selenium Manager or your explicit driver configuration for that environment.
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