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If a web page needs to update without a refresh, it does not automatically need a persistent “real-time” connection. Choose based on how quickly users need new information, whether the browser must send frequent messages back, and how updates recover after a connection or job fails. For one-way updates that must appear promptly, Server-Sent Events (SSE) may fit; for frequent two-way interaction, consider WebSockets. If minutes of delay are acceptable, polling or scheduled work may be simpler.

Start with the freshness requirement

Before choosing a transport, state the product requirement in terms a user can notice: how stale may the screen be, and what should happen if an update is delayed or missed? A status dashboard that can refresh periodically has a different need from a live collaboration tool. “Real time” is not a sufficient specification on its own.

  • Direction: Does information flow only from server to browser, or must both sides send frequent updates?
  • Delay: Must a change appear promptly, or is a delay of minutes or longer acceptable?
  • Recovery: Must missed updates be replayed after a disconnect or failed job?
  • Infrastructure: Can the existing HTTP path support a long-lived stream, and how will workers receive events?
  • Operations: What connection or job volume is expected, and who owns retries and completion?

Match the update pattern to the interaction

Server-Sent Events for one-way updates

SSE keeps an HTTP connection open so a server can send text events to a browser. It suits feeds, status changes, and notifications when the browser primarily receives information. The browser’s EventSource API reconnects when a stream closes. An SSE event can include an id; on reconnection, the browser can send the last received ID so the application can resume from that point. These mechanisms help with recovery, but they do not themselves provide durable event storage or guarantee replay. If missing an event matters, the application needs a persistence and replay policy. MDN’s SSE guide documents the browser API and stream behavior.

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SSE is one-way: the server sends updates, while client messages use another request path. Eric Bidelman explains this distinction in web.dev’s overview of server-sent events: “SSEs send information in one direction, thus you won’t receive updates from the client.”

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WebSockets for frequent two-way communication

WebSockets provide full-duplex communication, allowing client and server to send messages over the same live connection. That is useful for interactions such as messaging, games, or collaborative interfaces where both sides send frequent updates. If the browser only needs to receive occasional status changes, this additional communication model may not solve a real requirement.

Polling for changes that can wait

With polling, the browser makes repeated requests to check for new data. It is straightforward and can suit slow-changing information, but requests may return no change. Set the interval according to the freshness users expect and the request load the service can support. A shorter interval improves freshness but increases repeated checks; it does not make delivery instantaneous.

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Long polling for near-event updates over request-response

In long polling, the server holds a request until data becomes available or a timeout occurs. The client then sends another request. It can provide near-event updates in a request-response environment, but the repeated request cycle still needs to be handled.

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Scheduled work when delay is acceptable

A scheduled job is a good fit when the underlying work is periodic or users do not need an immediate update. It is not automatically a substitute for interactive event delivery: a schedule determines when work runs, not whether a connected browser receives a change promptly. For durable work, define how jobs are claimed, retried, prevented from conflicting when runs overlap, and marked complete. Keep the source of truth in the job or application data rather than treating a live dashboard connection as proof that work is pending or finished. Naven’s events overview illustrates this distinction in its service design; it is vendor documentation, not a universal standard.

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What SSE requires in practice

An SSE response uses the text/event-stream content type. Messages are text blocks separated by a pair of newline characters. Event IDs can help a reconnecting client identify where to resume, but the application must retain and serve the relevant events if replay is required. See MDN’s stream-format and EventSource reference for the browser-facing details.

Long-lived streams also depend on the deployment path. A reverse proxy can buffer data instead of forwarding events promptly, or close a stream prematurely. The application must ensure the right worker can publish or receive the events. The Galaxy Project SSE operations guide describes these issues and polling fallbacks for its in-development version. Its configuration is specific to that project and version; check the current release’s guidance before applying any settings elsewhere.

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Browser connection limits can matter when users open multiple tabs. MDN documents a limit of six open SSE connections per browser and domain outside HTTP/2; with HTTP/2, the stream limit is negotiated. This is a browser-connection constraint, not a universal cap on server connections. See MDN’s connection-limit warning.

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A practical decision path

  1. Write down the maximum acceptable staleness. If a periodic delay is fine, start by considering polling or scheduled work rather than a persistent connection.
  2. Check the direction of traffic. For prompt server-to-browser updates, evaluate SSE. If both browser and server must exchange frequent messages, evaluate WebSockets.
  3. Decide what a disconnect means. If users may not miss changes, define event persistence, replay, or a way to retrieve current state after reconnecting. A transport reconnect alone does not guarantee delivery.
  4. Map the production path. Check proxy buffering and timeouts, worker ownership or event distribution, and the expected number of open browser connections.
  5. For scheduled work, define job semantics. Make ownership, retries, overlapping runs, and completion explicit; ensure the displayed state reflects the durable source of truth.
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Why a successful demo is not enough

A live update can appear to work in a single-browser demo while leaving important behavior unanswered. Test what users see after a dropped connection, whether reconnecting clients recover changes they missed, and whether deployed proxies pass events through without buffering. For scheduled work, test failures and overlapping runs as well as the successful path. Choose the simplest pattern that meets the freshness and recovery requirements—not the most elaborate transport that can make the page move.

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