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Make a website responsive by letting its layout and media adapt to the space available, then add CSS media queries only where the content needs a different arrangement. Start with a fluid, narrow-screen-friendly layout, use Flexbox or Grid to distribute space, and test by gradually resizing the page—not by designing for a fixed list of phone and tablet models.
What responsive CSS should do
Responsive design is an approach to making pages work across different screen sizes and resolutions, as MDN describes in its responsive web design guide. The goal is not to make a separate fixed layout for every device. It is to make the same content remain usable as the available space changes.
That takes a few complementary techniques: normal document flow and flexible dimensions for the baseline, Flexbox or Grid for relationships between items, media queries for meaningful changes in layout or user-preference handling, and media rules that prevent images and video from overflowing.
Start with a fluid, narrow-screen-friendly baseline
Begin with a layout that can shrink to a narrow viewport. Avoid giving the whole page a fixed width that forces horizontal scrolling on a phone or leaves an awkwardly narrow column on a wide monitor. A centered content container can have a fluid width while retaining a comfortable maximum width:
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* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.page {
width: min(100% - 2rem, 70rem);
margin-inline: auto;
}
.content-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
gap: 1.5rem;
}Here, the page has room for a one-rem gutter on each side when the viewport is narrow, but it stops growing at 70rem. The content starts in one column, a useful baseline when there is not enough space to place sections side by side. These values are examples, not universal design requirements.
Let ordinary document flow do as much work as possible. Text naturally wraps, and block elements naturally stack. Add special layout rules where the content relationship calls for them; do not begin by locking every region to desktop-sized pixel dimensions.
Use Flexbox or Grid before adding a breakpoint
Choose the layout tool that matches the component. Flexbox is useful when items need to share or distribute space along a row or column. Grid is useful when you want to define flexible tracks, such as a set of cards that form as many columns as fit.
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Let a card grid adapt intrinsically
For example, this Grid rule creates as many columns as fit while keeping each card at least 16rem wide when space allows. If the container is narrower than that, the nested min() prevents the minimum track size from forcing overflow:
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display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 16rem), 1fr));
gap: 1rem;
}Use intrinsic flexibility when the content can rearrange smoothly as space changes. A media query is useful when the content needs a distinct treatment, such as moving a sidebar beside the main column at a width where both can remain readable. Responsive behavior does not require a media query for every change.
Add breakpoints where the content needs them
Resize the page and look for the point where the design begins to fail: navigation items collide, columns become too tight, a text measure becomes uncomfortable, or controls are difficult to use. Add a breakpoint at that point. MDN’s media query guidance explains how conditional rules apply based on viewport and other environment characteristics; its responsive-design guidance recommends relative rather than device-specific breakpoint values.
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This example changes a one-column content grid into a main column and sidebar when there is enough room:
@media (width >= 48rem) {
.content-grid {
grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(14rem, 1fr);
}
}The 48rem threshold is illustrative, not a recommended breakpoint for every site. Pick a value based on your content and layout. Relative units help the threshold respond to text sizing rather than tying it to a device-model list. Before writing a new query, check whether Grid, Flexbox, normal flow, or flexible sizing already handles the space change well.
Keep images and other media inside their containers
A simple CSS baseline prevents common overflow from images, pictures, and video:
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img,
picture,
video {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}This scales media down to fit its containing block while preserving its natural aspect ratio. But CSS sizing does not choose a more efficient image file or a different crop. If a smaller screen should download a smaller source, or if a composition needs a different crop, use responsive HTML mechanisms such as srcset, sizes, or picture, as appropriate.
Set the mobile viewport in the HTML
Put this declaration inside the document’s <head>:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">It tells mobile browsers to use the device width as the layout viewport instead of laying out the page against a wider, desktop-like viewport and shrinking the result. Without it, a carefully sized CSS layout may not behave at the expected mobile width.
Respect reduced-motion preferences
Responsive behavior can account for user preferences as well as viewport size. If the page uses animation or smooth scrolling, use the prefers-reduced-motion media feature to reduce nonessential motion for people who have requested it. MDN’s reduced-motion guidance describes this preference and CSS techniques for adapting to it.
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@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
*,
*::before,
*::after {
scroll-behavior: auto;
animation-duration: 0.01ms;
animation-iteration-count: 1;
transition-duration: 0.01ms;
}
}This is one possible policy: it sharply reduces animation and transition duration when a user requests less motion. Review your own effects and preserve essential feedback or meaning rather than assuming every animation must always be removed.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Build and verify the page in a practical sequence
- Add the viewport declaration. Place the meta tag in the page head so mobile browsers use the device width.
- Remove unnecessary fixed widths. Let the page and components shrink or grow, and start with a narrow-screen-friendly arrangement.
- Choose the layout tool. Use normal flow for simple stacking, Flexbox for flexible item relationships, and Grid for track-based arrangements.
- Make media fit. Apply a container-safe CSS baseline, then use responsive image markup if source size or crop should vary.
- Resize gradually. Use browser responsive sizing tools to inspect narrow and wide viewports, then move between them to find where the content becomes cramped or over-expanded.
- Add only necessary media queries. Change the layout at the content’s failure point, and account for relevant user preferences such as reduced motion.
- Check the actual page behavior. Look for horizontal overflow, squeezed columns, escaping media, hard-to-read text measure, and navigation or controls that remain usable.
MDN documents browser viewport simulation in its responsive design material. A viewport emulator is a useful check, but still review the page’s content and interactive controls at the widths where its layout changes.
Troubleshoot common responsive CSS problems
The page scrolls horizontally on a narrow screen
- Likely cause: A fixed-width container, a grid track with a large minimum, or media wider than its containing block.
- Fix: Make the page width fluid, reconsider inflexible track minimums, and apply
max-width: 100%to media. Inspect the element that extends beyond the viewport rather than hiding all overflow as a blanket fix.
Columns look cramped even though there is a breakpoint
- Likely cause: The breakpoint is based on a device assumption rather than the width the content needs, or the column tracks cannot shrink appropriately.
- Fix: Resize gradually and move the breakpoint to the point where the content needs a new arrangement. Use flexible Grid tracks such as
minmax(0, 2fr)where appropriate.
Cards never wrap into a useful number of columns
- Likely cause: The layout has a fixed column count or a minimum track width larger than the available container.
- Fix: Consider intrinsic Grid sizing with
auto-fitand a minimum that can contract on very narrow containers.
The mobile layout still appears scaled down
- Likely cause: The document head is missing the viewport declaration.
- Fix: Add
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">and check the page again at the device width.
Images fit but look soft or show the wrong crop
- Likely cause: CSS has scaled a single source to fit, but the design needs a smaller source or an alternate composition.
- Fix: Use
srcsetandsizesfor source selection, orpicturewhen an alternate crop or source is appropriate.
Motion remains distracting for some visitors
- Likely cause: The stylesheet does not account for the reduced-motion preference.
- Fix: Add a
prefers-reduced-motion: reducerule and adapt nonessential animation, transitions, and smooth scrolling.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need screenshots while checking a responsive page, ScreenshotNeo can capture a URL using one GET request. For example, capture a page at a chosen viewport by adding the relevant parameters to the request; see the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for supported options and parameter names.
Quick Recap
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot"
-d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY
--data-urlencode url=https://example.com
-d width=390
-d height=844
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