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Let the LLM propose a narrowly defined change, but keep validation, authorization, and persistence under trusted application code. A safer write path separates proposing a change from previewing and explicitly committing it, then uses an idempotency key to handle retries and an ETag with If-Match to reject stale writes.
Why shouldn’t the model write directly to the database?
Model output and ordinary request data are untrusted input. If generated text is passed into a database command or interpreter, it can be misinterpreted; concatenating model output into SQL is therefore not a safe write strategy. Use parameterized database operations and allowlisted operations and fields instead. RFC 9110 also cautions that request methods, URIs, headers, and bodies can carry values that become dangerous when passed to commands, interpreters, or database interfaces.
The model can translate a user’s request into structured intent, such as “change the description of this authorized record.” Trusted application code must decide whether that operation is valid and whether this caller may perform it. Do not let the model decide its own permissions or issue open-ended SQL.
This separation addresses the risks described in the OWASP GenAI Security Project’s LLM06:2025 guidance on excessive agency: excessive functionality, permissions, and autonomy can make risky actions possible. OWASP recommends minimum necessary permissions, specific tools, downstream authorization, and user approval for high-impact actions. Prompt injection can also affect tool behavior, so content supplied to the model should be treated as untrusted.
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What should the propose, preview, and commit flow do?
Keep the stages separate. The LLM proposes an operation; the API validates it and produces a preview; a distinct request commits that preview. This endpoint structure is an implementation pattern, not a requirement imposed by HTTP standards.
| Stage | What the API does | What it must not delegate to the model |
|---|---|---|
| Propose | Accept a structured request for an allowed operation on a specific resource, then validate its shape, types, bounds, and business rules. | Deciding which operations or fields are permitted, or constructing executable SQL. |
| Preview | Show the caller the target resource, proposed field changes, and relevant side effects without saving them. Associate the preview with the caller, resource, and version read. | Authorizing the change or treating generated text as proof that the caller approved it. |
| Commit | Require a separate explicit request, recheck authority and version, and apply the approved change atomically. | Skipping checks because an earlier model response or preview succeeded. |
Propose a constrained operation
Prefer an operation with an explicit allowlist over a generic “update anything” payload. For example, an API might permit changing only title and description on one resource type. Validate the submitted data in application code, including types, length or range limits, and business invariants. The FastAPI relational database tutorial describes using models to validate and serialize data and document operations; FastAPI itself does not supply your authorization policy or guarantee transaction behavior.
Resolve the target resource through the authenticated caller’s permitted scope. A model-generated resource identifier is input to validate, not authority to access that resource.
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Preview the actual proposed effect
Present the resource identity, the fields that will change, their proposed values, and any relevant side effects clearly enough for a person to review. Do not commit during preview. Bind the preview to the authenticated principal, target resource, and version that was read; otherwise, a preview could be replayed by a different caller, applied to a different resource, or committed after the resource has changed.
Those bindings are design recommendations: HTTP does not prescribe a preview-token format or storage scheme. An implementation can retain the validated proposal and its bindings server-side, or use another integrity-protected representation. In either case, the commit handler must verify them rather than trusting client-supplied claims.
Commit only after rechecking
On the separate commit request, verify the caller’s authorization again, ensure the request refers to the same resource and preview, and check that the resource is still at the version used to create the preview. Apply the update only if the version check succeeds. If it does not, reject the commit and require a fresh preview so the caller can review the current state and proposed effect.
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The version comparison and database mutation need to be one atomic operation. A check performed in application code followed later by an unconditional write leaves a race: another transaction can update the row between those actions. Use a transaction or conditional update supported by the chosen database integration to couple the check and write. FastAPI does not choose that integration or provide this guarantee automatically.
How do idempotency keys make retries safer?
A network timeout does not tell a client whether the server committed a change before the connection failed. Retrying a non-idempotent request can therefore apply an operation twice. RFC 9110 defines idempotence by the intended effect: PUT, DELETE, and safe methods are idempotent, although ancillary effects such as logging may still happen on every request. The RFC says a client should not automatically retry a non-idempotent request unless it can know the semantics are safe or detect that the original request was not applied.
POST does not gain retry safety merely because the client includes an Idempotency-Key header. RFC 9110 does not define a standard header or its storage behavior. For a POST commit endpoint, define that behavior in the application:
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- Require a key for operations that need safe replay, and scope its uniqueness to the authenticated caller and operation.
- Store the key with a fingerprint of the request and the final outcome. The fingerprint should distinguish a genuinely different commit request from a retry of the same one.
- For a matching retry, return the recorded outcome rather than applying the operation again. If the same key is reused with a different request, reject it.
- Handle concurrent requests using the same key so they cannot both perform the write. Coordinate the key record, resource update, and saved outcome transactionally where the database design permits; otherwise, explicitly design recovery for interrupted work.
Keep the idempotency record long enough to cover the retry window your clients are allowed to use, and define how expired keys behave. Those retention and expiry rules are application choices, not behaviors specified by RFC 9110.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How do ETags and If-Match prevent stale commits?
An ETag is a validator for a representation. Return the current resource’s ETag with the representation, and require the client to send that value in If-Match when committing the preview. The server should accept the update only if the current representation still matches the supplied validator. If another change has made the ETag stale, reject the write and require a new preview.
RFC 9110 describes conditional requests with validators as a way to prevent the lost-update problem. It also says validators in successful state-changing responses describe the new representation; an ETag returned with a 201 response can be used in a later conditional request. The key implementation detail is to make comparison and mutation atomic in the storage layer. Checking the ETag, then issuing an unconditional update, does not protect against a concurrent change in between.
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Idempotency and ETags solve different problems. The idempotency key identifies a retry of the same operation; the ETag checks whether the resource is still at the version the caller reviewed. A retry may need both: replay the saved outcome for a previously completed matching request, but never treat a new commit against a changed resource as current.
What should the FastAPI boundary enforce?
FastAPI is the HTTP framework, not the security policy. Keep policy in trusted application code and the persistence boundary:
- Validate the request: Use structured models for input and output, then enforce business rules and allowlists in application code. A valid data shape alone does not establish permission.
- Authorize each operation: Check the authenticated principal’s rights to the specific resource at preview and commit time. Never infer authorization from a model response, resource ID, or prior preview alone.
- Use narrow tools: Expose fixed operations and fields rather than a general-purpose database tool. Give the database identity only the permissions needed for that API’s work.
- Use parameterized persistence: Treat model output, request fields, and external content as data. Do not concatenate them into SQL or another executable command.
- Require human approval when impact warrants it: Show the proposed effect before consequential actions and require a person’s explicit approval to commit.
The exact session and transaction code depends on the selected database integration. Whatever integration is used, authorization, the version precondition, the write, and the idempotency outcome must be designed so partial failure or concurrency cannot silently bypass the intended checks.
How can you assess a proposed design?
- Can the model invoke only a small set of operations on explicitly allowed fields?
- Does trusted code validate input and authorize the caller for the specific resource?
- Can a person inspect the preview before a consequential write?
- Can a timeout retry duplicate a completed operation, and does the idempotency contract define replay and key reuse?
- Does a concurrent resource update invalidate the preview?
- Are the version comparison and write atomic in the chosen database integration?
A safe design keeps the model’s role at structured proposal, not authority. The API remains responsible for deciding what the caller may change, what will actually be written, and whether the resource is still in the state the caller reviewed.
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