The Tool Desk
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Start with requirements, not a list of nouns
Read the requirements and use cases to understand what the software must support. OpenDSA’s section “Identifying classes, fields, and methods” recommends reviewing requirements and noting nouns, verbs, processes, and concepts. Treat that as a way to generate candidates—not as a rule that every word maps directly to code.
On an initial pass, mark:
- Nouns and noun phrases: possible domain concepts, users, records, or pieces of data.
- Verbs and verb phrases: possible actions, queries, and responsibilities.
- Processes and concepts: ideas that may not appear as a simple noun or verb but are important to a use case.
Keep the requirements around each word. A term matters only if the software needs to represent it or perform work related to it; incidental details in the prose may not belong in the model.
Turn candidate nouns into classes, objects, or attributes
A class describes a kind of thing, including the state and behavior shared by its instances. An object is one particular instance of a class. An attribute is a value or piece of state associated with an object. A noun in a requirement might lead to any of these—or to no program element at all.
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For each candidate, ask whether the system needs to track it over time, distinguish one instance from another, or associate behavior with it. If it has meaningful identity, state, or behavior in the application, it may warrant a class. If it is simply a value describing another concept, it may be an attribute. If it is irrelevant to the software’s responsibilities, leave it out.
For example, “A member borrows a book and returns it” suggests Member and Book as candidates. But “book” could mean a bibliographic title or a specific physical copy, depending on what the system tracks. The sentence alone does not settle that distinction.
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Derive methods from actions and queries
Verbs in requirements point to behavior the software may need, but a verb does not automatically deserve its own method. Group related actions by responsibility, then decide which class should own each behavior. A useful clue is the state involved: behavior that changes or checks particular state often belongs with the class responsible for that state, though a separate service may coordinate the work.
For each candidate method, ask:
- What user-visible action or system requirement does it support?
- Which class has the information or responsibility needed to perform it?
- Does it form a focused task, or is it combining unrelated work?
- Does it require collaboration with another class?
In the library example, borrow and return are candidate behaviors. Borrowing could be coordinated by a circulation service rather than implemented as a `Member` method. If the system must record dates and status, a separate Loan concept may be needed. These are design decisions to validate against the requirements, not uniquely correct answers implied by the sentence.
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Compare three ways to find candidate classes
Grammatical analysis, domain-entity analysis, and scenario-based analysis offer complementary ways to discover and check a model. North Carolina State University’s class-diagram notes connect requirements analysis with nouns, verbs, class state, behavior, and relationships. A software engineering textbook excerpt describes grammatical, domain-entity, and scenario-based approaches.
| Approach | Evidence it uses | Best use |
|---|---|---|
| Grammatical analysis | Nouns, noun phrases, verbs, and verb phrases in requirements | A quick first pass to generate class, attribute, and behavior candidates |
| Domain-entity analysis | Relevant things, roles, events, interactions, places, and organizational units in the application domain | Checking whether the candidate list reflects the real subject area rather than just the wording of a requirement |
| Scenario-based analysis | The steps in each use case or scenario, including required objects, actions, and collaborations | Testing whether the model can support the system’s actual workflows |
Use the approaches together: grammatical analysis is fast, while domain and scenario checks help reveal missing concepts, unnecessary candidates, or responsibilities assigned to the wrong class.
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Check responsibilities and collaborations
A class should represent a coherent abstraction and have related responsibilities. A method should perform a focused task. To review a candidate design, walk through each use case and identify which objects participate, what each one does, and what information passes between them. This can expose a missing concept, a method placed on an unsuitable class, or a class that has accumulated unrelated duties.
Object-oriented analysis also considers services and collaborations: a class may fulfill its responsibility by asking another class for information or work rather than handling everything itself. The Open University’s introduction to object-oriented analysis covers class responsibilities, services, and collaborations. Johns Hopkins University’s course notes on textual analysis and responsibility-centered method assignment likewise treat text analysis as a starting point for deciding where methods belong.
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Record and revise the model
A UML class diagram can communicate class names, state or fields, behavior, visibility, and relationships. It is a way to organize and discuss a design as it evolves, not proof that the first candidate list is correct. Revise the diagram when a use case reveals a missing object or a responsibility that belongs elsewhere.
Quick Recap
- Read the requirements and scenarios, then mark candidate nouns, verbs, processes, and concepts.
- Classify each noun candidate as a possible class, object instance, attribute, or irrelevant detail; record why it matters to the system.
- Translate relevant actions and queries into focused behavior candidates, assigning them by responsibility and relevant state.
- Walk through scenarios to check the objects involved, their collaborations, and whether the proposed classes can fulfill the requirements.
- Draw or update a class diagram to make state, behavior, and relationships visible, then refine it when the scenario review exposes a gap.
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