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Fix small MathJax equations by identifying where the size changes: inline-math rules, MathJax configuration, viewport calculation, or wkhtmltopdf’s PDF scaling. Compare the source HTML with the PDF, then change one layer at a time. If the browser rendering is already small, adjust MathJax and viewport settings. If the browser looks correct but the PDF is small, test wkhtmltopdf’s zoom, smart shrinking, viewport, print-media, and JavaScript timing options.
Start with a two-output diagnosis
Render the same document in a normal browser and with the exact wkhtmltopdf executable used in production. Inspect one inline equation, one display equation, a fraction or root, and an equation with a number.
| What you see | Likely layer | First action |
|---|---|---|
| Only inline expressions look smaller | Normal MathJax typography | Compare with display math before changing CSS. |
| Browser and PDF are both small | MathJax, surrounding CSS, or viewport | Check MathJax version, output processor, post-typeset CSS, and viewport metadata. |
| Browser is correct but PDF is small | wkhtmltopdf scaling or page-width fit | Test --zoom, smart shrinking, and viewport settings separately. |
| Math is missing or captured before it finishes | JavaScript timing | Wait for the MathJax completion signal or use a carefully timed --run-script. |
Keep a copy of every test PDF. After each change, check equation size, page fit, line wrapping, equation-number alignment, and whether display equations still fit the printable width.
Understand when small math is expected
MathJax intentionally typesets inline mathematics smaller than display mathematics. Inline expressions must fit a line of prose, so fractions, roots, and nested scripts are compressed to protect line spacing. Display expressions such as $$...$$ or [...] receive their own block and normally have more room. This is documented in the MathJax FAQ.
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Therefore, do not enlarge every equation just because an inline expression appears smaller. If display equations are also unexpectedly tiny, or if the browser and PDF differ, continue with the checks below.
Check CSS and the MathJax processing order
Inspect the surrounding font size
MathJax scales relative to the text around it. Look for a parent rule such as font-size: 11px, a print stylesheet that reduces the body, a transformed container, or a media query activated only during PDF generation. Temporarily remove those rules and render again.
Do not resize text after typesetting
MathJax warns that changing text size after it has finished typesetting can leave mathematics too small. Apply the final body and container font sizes before MathJax runs. If your application changes a class, zoom, or root font size later, trigger a fresh typeset pass using the API for your installed MathJax version.
Confirm the output processor
MathJax 2 HTML-CSS, MathJax 2 SVG, and MathJax 4 output components have different configuration names and behavior. Identify the script version and renderer in the generated HTML; do not paste a MathJax 2 configuration into MathJax 4 unchanged.
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Add standard viewport metadata to the page head:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">MathJax 2.7 documents that incorrect or missing viewport information can confuse layout and lead to very small fonts (see MathJax 2.7 output formats). Also make wkhtmltopdf’s viewport explicit during testing so the CSS pixel width is known.
wkhtmltopdf --viewport-size 1280x900 input.html output.pdfUse a viewport that matches the layout your page was designed for. A very narrow viewport can trigger mobile CSS; an unnecessarily wide one can cause page-width calculations and shrinking that make all content—including math—appear smaller.
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Set MathJax’s minimum and relative scale
MathJax 2 HTML-CSS
For the MathJax 2 HTML-CSS output processor, scale controls math size relative to surrounding text and minScaleAdjust prevents excessive shrinking. The documented defaults are scale: 100 and minScaleAdjust: 50 (MathJax 2.7 HTML-CSS options).
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
"HTML-CSS": {
scale: 110,
minScaleAdjust: 80
}
});
</script>Increase values gradually. A larger relative scale can improve readability but may increase line wrapping or push a display equation beyond the printable width.
MathJax 4
MathJax 4 uses common output options. Set scale for relative size and minScale to keep matching from shrinking equations too far; the documented default for minScale is .5. Put shared settings in the common output configuration so they apply when switching renderers, as described in the MathJax 4 output options.
<script>
window.MathJax = {
tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$'], ['\(', '\)']] },
output: {
scale: 1.1,
minScale: 0.8
}
};
</script>Verify the exact option names for the MathJax 4 build and output component you deploy. The MathJax 2 and MathJax 4 examples are not interchangeable.
Control wkhtmltopdf scaling independently
Test zoom
--zoom changes the rendered scale; its default is 1. Test a modest value and compare the resulting page fit:
wkhtmltopdf --zoom 1.1 --viewport-size 1280x900 input.html zoomed.pdfThe documentation exposes the control but does not prescribe one universal value. The right value depends on CSS dimensions, paper size, margins, and whether your page already fits the target width.
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Test smart shrinking
wkhtmltopdf’s smart-shrinking strategy changes the pixel/DPI ratio to make content fit. Compare the default with an explicit disable:
wkhtmltopdf input.html smart-default.pdf
wkhtmltopdf --disable-smart-shrinking input.html no-shrink.pdfIf disabling it makes equations readable but causes clipping or extra pages, adjust the CSS width, paper size, or margins rather than relying on an extreme zoom.
Check print media
--print-media-type switches the active CSS from screen rules to print rules:
wkhtmltopdf --print-media-type input.html print-css.pdfInspect your print stylesheet for smaller body text, narrower math containers, or rules that hide display blocks. If the PDF is correct without this flag, the issue is in print CSS rather than MathJax.
Make JavaScript timing deterministic
wkhtmltopdf can execute JavaScript after loading with --run-script, but running a script is not the same as waiting for MathJax. Capture only after MathJax reports completion. For MathJax 2, a callback can set a marker:
<script>
MathJax.Hub.Queue(function () {
document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-mathjax-ready', 'true');
});
</script>Then use a wrapper or a controlled delay that checks this marker before invoking wkhtmltopdf. Avoid arbitrary long delays when a completion signal is available; avoid capturing immediately after page load.
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Consider SVG output for font-related problems
MathJax’s legacy output-format guide describes SVG as high quality and print-friendly across browsers, without some HTML-CSS font issues (MathJax output formats). It is a version-aware alternative, not a universal fix. SVG tables can become fixed-width after typesetting, which may affect equation-number alignment when the page is resized. Generate a representative PDF and check wide equations, alignment, and page breaks.
Do not switch to native MathML as a blanket workaround. MathJax notes that native MathML quality and completeness depend on renderer support and can introduce spacing or font differences.
A repeatable one-variable workflow
- Save the browser HTML and PDF produced by the production executable.
- Classify the problem as inline-only, browser-wide, PDF-only, or incomplete JavaScript.
- Confirm MathJax major version and output processor.
- Apply final CSS before typesetting and add the standard viewport meta tag.
- For MathJax 2, test
scaleandminScaleAdjust; for MathJax 4, testoutput.scaleandoutput.minScale. - Render with an explicit
--viewport-size. - Test one wkhtmltopdf setting at a time:
--zoom, smart shrinking, then--print-media-type. - Ensure capture waits for MathJax completion.
- Compare inline and display equations, fractions, roots, equation numbers, wrapping, and page count.
Troubleshooting common failures
Only inline equations are small
This is usually expected MathJax behavior. Use display math for equations that must stand out; do not globally enlarge inline expressions unless you accept altered line spacing.
The browser is small too
Check parent font sizes, post-typeset CSS changes, viewport metadata, and renderer-specific MathJax options. A PDF flag cannot correct a size that is already wrong in HTML.
The PDF is small but page layout otherwise fits
Test --zoom and compare smart shrinking. Record whether increasing zoom creates clipping or additional pages; that trade-off indicates a page-width constraint rather than a MathJax-only issue.
Equations are missing or half-rendered
Capture is occurring before JavaScript completes. Add a MathJax completion marker and make the wrapper wait for it. Check network access to the MathJax assets in the wkhtmltopdf environment.
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Changing scale breaks equation numbers
Inspect the renderer’s table sizing and the available content width. SVG can improve font consistency but may fix variable-width tables after typesetting; validate alignment at the final viewport.
Flags appear ineffective
Check the actual executable and binding. Distribution packages and builds can differ from the project documentation. Run wkhtmltopdf --extended-help and verify that the option is supported by the deployed build.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Should I always use display math to make equations larger?
No. Inline sizing is intentional. Use display math when the equation should occupy its own block, and adjust scale only when the rendered size is wrong for your design.
Which setting should I change first: MathJax scale or wkhtmltopdf zoom?
Compare browser and PDF output first. Change MathJax or CSS when both are small; change wkhtmltopdf scaling when only the PDF is small.
Can one MathJax configuration work unchanged in versions 2 and 4?
No. MathJax 2 HTML-CSS uses options such as minScaleAdjust, while MathJax 4 uses common output options including minScale. Verify the installed version.
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