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Start by identifying what the checker analyzed
Before changing code, establish whether the message comes from an HTML conformance checker or a JSX accessibility lint rule. They examine different artifacts and catch different classes of problems.
- HTML checker: Checks an HTML document or rendered output for markup conformance. The Nu Html Checker and the W3C Markup Validation Service are examples.
- JSX accessibility linter: Checks recognizable patterns in JSX source. The eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y documentation describes rules for common accessibility issues.
If a project uses templates or JSX, make sure you validate the intended rendered HTML as well as checking source-level rules. Passing one layer does not mean the other has been checked.
Fix errors in a safe order
- Open the reported document or component. Confirm that the checker received the correct page or build artifact. Note whether the diagnostic points to source HTML, generated output, or JSX.
- Read the first error and inspect nearby markup. Line and column numbers are clues, not always the full extent of a problem. Check the surrounding tags, attributes, and nesting. An early parsing problem can affect how later markup is interpreted; the W3C validator help advises correcting the first few errors and checking again.
- Make a small, meaning-preserving correction. Verify the relevant element’s syntax and content model. Check whether a closing tag is required or forbidden and whether elements are nested correctly. Do not delete a flagged attribute or replace an element without understanding what the rule is reporting.
- Rerun the same check. Confirm that the original diagnostic is gone and inspect any new messages. Fixing one upstream error can change or clear messages that followed it.
- Review the resulting page and interactions. Check that the structure still makes sense and that interactive controls work with a keyboard. Automated checks should be part of accessibility review, not its only step.
Repair common messages without losing meaning
Missing or malformed DOCTYPE
For an ordinary HTML document, W3C validator help recommends the generic declaration <!DOCTYPE html>. Correct the declaration near the start of the document, then rerun validation; a corrected document type may affect how the checker parses what follows.
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Misnested or improperly closed elements
Inspect the opening and ending tags around the reported location. Some elements require end tags, while others forbid them, and valid nesting matters. Avoid adding or removing tags mechanically: the resulting structure should reflect the intended relationships between the content. WAI identifies markup errors of this kind as a possible source of assistive-technology parsing problems.
Duplicate IDs or attributes
Check the relevant component and, when necessary, the complete rendered document. IDs used to connect labels or other references need to be unique in the document; repeated attributes can also indicate malformed markup. WAI’s H74 technique discusses unique IDs and correct tag use, and related parsing techniques address duplicate attributes.
Static element with a click handler
If a div or other static element handles a user action, first decide whether the behavior is navigation or an action. Use a link for navigation and a button for an action when those native elements fit. A custom role does not add focusability or keyboard activation. The no-static-element-interactions rule guidance covers this pattern; it also allows a justified exception when a handler only captures bubbled events from accessible child controls, with an explanation for the exception.
Anchor without a meaningful destination
An anchor represents a hyperlink. If the control performs an action rather than navigating to a destination, use a button instead of making an anchor imitate one. See the anchor-is-valid rule guidance.
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The W3C validator help describes HTML-Tidy cleanup output but cautions that there are no guarantees about validity or other aspects of the result. Review generated changes rather than accepting them blindly, especially where they alter elements, nesting, or interactive behavior.
Choose elements by purpose, not appearance
Semantic HTML communicates the role and structure of content to browsers and assistive technologies. Use a heading for a heading, a list for grouped items, navigation links for destinations, and associated labels for form controls. Do not turn meaningful content into a div or add role="presentation" merely to suppress a rule.
For an interactive control, native behavior is part of its meaning. The jsx-a11y guidance notes that an anchor is expected to activate with Enter, while a button activates with Enter and Space. If a custom element and role are genuinely necessary, you must implement the expected focus and keyboard behavior yourself; the role alone does not provide it.
WAI’s G115 technique describes the objective as marking up web content with appropriate semantic elements. WAI techniques are informative examples, not the only methods for satisfying WCAG.
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Use the right checks—and know what they cannot establish
| Check | What it examines | Useful for | What it does not establish by itself |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTML conformance checker, such as Nu Html Checker or W3C Markup Validation Service | An HTML document or rendered page | Markup syntax and conformance problems | Whether labels, relationships, meaning, or interactions are usable for every person |
| JSX accessibility lint rules, such as eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y | JSX source and statically recognizable patterns | Flagging common authoring patterns that may cause accessibility problems | Whether the final rendered page is conforming or fully accessible |
| Manual review | The page’s content, structure, and interaction in context | Checking meaning and practical keyboard use that automated rules may not determine | It is not a substitute for fixing concrete conformance or lint errors |
The Nu Html Checker explains: “The core reason to run your HTML documents through a conformance checker is simple: To catch unintended mistakes—mistakes you might have otherwise missed, so that you can fix them.” Use the checker for that purpose, then assess whether the corrected page still communicates its content and supports its intended interactions.
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