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Use a text assertion before the screenshot assertion
Text and pixels answer different questions. A locator assertion tells you directly that required content is absent or changed. A screenshot assertion tells you that the rendered image differs from a stored reference, but its failure can be caused by layout, fonts, animation, or other visual changes.
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('page contains the expected copy and matches its visual baseline', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/page-under-test');
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Account overview' })).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.locator('main')).toContainText('Your balance');
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot();
});If Your balance is missing, the toContainText assertion fails with a content-focused message. If the text is present but the page looks different from the approved image, toHaveScreenshot reports a visual mismatch.
The example uses semantic locators and scopes the copy check to main. Avoid asserting an ambiguous page-wide substring when the same words can occur in navigation, a footer, or hidden content.
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Choose the assertion that matches the requirement
Require an exact string with toHaveText
Use toHaveText('Expected exact text') when the locator’s text must match exactly. Nested elements contribute to the locator’s text content, so inline markup does not prevent the assertion from working. A regular expression is also accepted when a controlled variation is valid.
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Account overview' }))
.toHaveText('Account overview');
await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="status"]'))
.toHaveText(/Signed in as .+@example.com/);Require a phrase with toContainText
Use toContainText('Expected phrase') when the locator may contain additional copy, such as a card, table, or main region.
await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="balance-card"]'))
.toContainText('Your balance');Both methods consider text in descendant elements and support regular expressions. Select the smallest meaningful region so the assertion describes the behavior you actually care about. See the Playwright LocatorAssertions API for the exact matching behavior.
Why the assertion must be asynchronous
Playwright web-first assertions are asynchronous and retry while the page settles. They re-fetch the locator and check it repeatedly until it passes or the assertion timeout is reached; Playwright documents a five-second default assertion timeout. Always use await.
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// Correct: waits for asynchronously rendered content.
await expect(page.locator('main')).toContainText('Your balance');
// Avoid a one-time read that can race the application.
const text = await page.locator('main').textContent();
expect(text).toContain('Your balance');The second form captures one instant. If data arrives shortly afterward, it can fail even though the UI would become correct moments later. Use the retrying assertion for content that is loaded by a request, hydration, or client-side state update. Details on retry behavior and timeout configuration are in Playwright’s assertions documentation.
Build a reliable visual screenshot check
Generate and review the first baseline
- Navigate to the page and establish the application state needed by the test.
- Run the test with
toHaveScreenshot()for the first time. Playwright creates an expected image for that project and snapshot name. - Open the generated image and verify that it represents the intended UI, including the required text.
- Commit the reviewed baseline with the test. Future runs compare their output with that file.
Do not accept a baseline automatically just because the test produced one. A baseline containing missing copy makes every later run “pass” against the wrong expectation. The visual comparisons guide describes baseline creation and review.
Choose page or component scope
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot() compares the whole page. Use a locator when the requirement concerns one component and unrelated page changes should not fail the test:
const summary = page.getByRole('region', { name: 'Account summary' });
await expect(summary).toContainText('Your balance');
await expect(summary).toHaveScreenshot();Keep the text assertion on the same region that the visual assertion represents when the component itself is the acceptance boundary.
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Keep rendering conditions consistent
Playwright warns that screenshots can vary with the operating system, browser version, fonts, browser settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode. Generate and compare baselines in a consistent browser and host environment. A changed font or browser build can create a pixel diff even when the application code is unchanged.
For intentionally volatile areas, use screenshot options that disable animations or apply a stylesheet, or hide a region that is outside the behavior under test. Never hide the text or visual state that this test is meant to verify. Stabilize the data and clock in your test setup rather than masking the acceptance condition.
A complete test for missing, exact, and dynamic copy
This example checks a heading exactly, checks a phrase inside the main content, and then compares the final page image:
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('account overview has required copy and visual layout', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/account');
const main = page.locator('main');
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Account overview' }))
.toBeVisible();
await expect(main).toContainText('Your balance');
await expect(main).toContainText(/Last updated:s+d{4}-d{2}-d{2}/);
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot();
});If the wording must not include a date or other variable suffix, replace the regular expression with toHaveText and the complete expected string. If the copy is allowed to vary in a controlled way, keep the expression narrow; a broad pattern can let an incorrect message pass.
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Diagnose failures in the right order
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Text assertion times out | The locator is wrong, the copy is not rendered, or the application state was not established. | Inspect the locator in the trace or DOM, narrow it to the intended region, and perform the required navigation, login, or data setup before asserting. |
| Exact-text assertion fails but the words are visible | Whitespace, punctuation, nested text, or additional content makes the locator’s text different from the expected string. | Use toContainText for an allowed surrounding context, or update the exact expected value to match the deliberate UI copy. |
| Screenshot fails while text passes | Layout, fonts, color, spacing, animation, or another pixel-level change differs from the baseline. | Open the diff, decide whether the change is intentional, and review or regenerate the baseline only after confirming the UI is correct. |
| Screenshot is flaky between machines | Browser, operating system, font, hardware, power mode, or headless rendering differs. | Pin the browser and run comparisons in the same environment used to create the baseline. |
| Only the first run behaves differently | The first run creates a reference image rather than comparing with an existing one. | Review that generated image and commit it only when it shows the intended state. |
| Dynamic banner causes repeated diffs | A changing animation, timestamp, ad, or server response is outside the stable UI contract. | Control the data or timing, disable the animation, or apply a targeted stylesheet. Do not mask the required text. |
Important Playwright limitation
Screenshot assertions are part of the Playwright Test runner. The official PageAssertions documentation states that screenshot assertions only work with the Playwright test runner; they are not a generic assertion available from every way of driving a browser. If your project uses another runner or only the lower-level browser library, keep the semantic text check in that framework or move the visual check into Playwright Test. See PageAssertions for the supported behavior and options.
When a screenshot is evidence, not the test
Use the two assertions together when both content and appearance matter. For a content-only acceptance test, the text assertion is clearer and less sensitive to rendering differences. For a visual-regression test, the screenshot is valuable after the required text has passed. This separation makes failures actionable: missing copy points to application content, while a pixel diff points to presentation or environment.
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Python
import requests
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open('shot.webp', 'wb').write(r.content)Node.js
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can a screenshot diff prove that text is accessible to users?
No. A screenshot checks pixels. Keep a semantic locator assertion for the required wording and accessible name, then use the screenshot for visual appearance.
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Should I update a baseline whenever a screenshot test fails?
No. Inspect the generated image and diff first. Update the baseline only when the changed UI is intentional and the required text and state are correct.
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