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To diff two VEX documents claim by claim, parse each according to its declared format, match assertions by vulnerability and stable product identity, compare product/version scope before status, then compare each status with its rationale or remediation and timing. The result should distinguish literal field changes from judgments about what those changes mean.
What counts as a VEX claim?
A VEX assertion is not just a status string. It concerns a vulnerability and a product, often with a version or component scope, and includes a status plus supporting explanation or action in a time context. OpenVEX describes its central statement as an intersection of product, vulnerability, and status, with time relevant as statements evolve. A not_affected assertion is the issuer’s claim, not independent proof that no exploitable path exists.
Accordingly, a useful diff answers two separate questions: which source fields changed, and what those changes mean for the products and releases covered. Do not let a line-based JSON diff stand in for that analysis.
First identify the format and revision
Record each file’s declared format and specification version, document identifier, issuer, document version, and issue or update timestamps. A .json extension does not identify the VEX schema. OpenVEX serializes a JSON-LD structure; CSAF carries a VEX profile within its advisory model. Parse each document using its own declared format and version before matching claims. The OpenVEX specification and CSAF 2.1 describe their respective structures.
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CSAF 2.1 is later than CSAF 2.0, but a 2.1 parser should not be applied to a 2.0 document without validation. For CSAF, inspect the declared version and profile; for OpenVEX, retain the document metadata and statements as distinct parts of the document.
Build a stable claim key
Use the vulnerability identifier and product identity as the starting match key. Add version or version range, platform, and subcomponent where the source distinguishes them. Prefer stable product identifiers that can be correlated with inventory or SBOM data over display names alone. OpenVEX commonly uses CVE-style vulnerability IDs and emphasizes correlatable product identifiers; CSAF attaches statuses to product IDs referenced in its product tree.
Do not force a match when identifiers do not support one. Put records with ambiguous or unmatched product identifiers in an uncertain-match section for human review rather than silently pairing them by similar names.
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Compare product and version scope before status
For each matched vulnerability, compare the product set, platform or release, component scope, and version enumeration or range. Record additions and removals explicitly. A claim that keeps the same status but moves from a single release to a broad range has changed materially.
Version scope may be represented as individual versions or as a range. CISA’s VEX Use Cases material describes both approaches. Cisco’s CVR/VEX FAQ illustrates the specificity that product matching can require: its lookup workflow uses CVE and product/platform/release. Treat an incomplete or unsupported mapping as uncertain, not as a confirmed scope match.
Compare status and its explanation together
Keep the source-native status labels in the report. OpenVEX uses not_affected, affected, fixed, and under_investigation. CSAF VEX uses known_not_affected, known_affected, fixed, and under_investigation. These labels are format-specific; if a downstream tool normalizes them, show the original values and document the mapping instead of presenting them as identical.
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| Format | Not affected | Affected | Other statuses |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenVEX | not_affected; include a justification or impact statement |
affected; include an action statement |
fixed; under_investigation |
| CSAF VEX | known_not_affected; include impact information |
known_affected; include product-specific remediation information |
fixed; under_investigation |
These requirements come from the OpenVEX specification, the CSAF 2.0 VEX profile, and CSAF 2.1. Compare the status alongside justification, impact, status notes, action, or remediation. OpenVEX notes that free-form impact text is not machine-readable and recommends machine-readable justifications for automation; do not convert prose into a structured equivalent without an explicit, reviewable mapping.
Keep under_investigation distinct from both affected and not affected. For fixed, identify which versions contain the fix and how they relate to affected versions; the status alone does not define the scope.
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Record document issue time, statement timestamp when present, last-updated time, and document version. Distinguish when an assertion was issued from when the file was retrieved. OpenVEX describes statements that can override or enrich earlier information and requires increasing the document version when content changes, including statement changes. Apply each format’s own timestamp inheritance and revision semantics rather than assuming that every VEX format supersedes earlier assertions in the same way.
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A metadata-only revision can matter for audit history even when the matched claim’s product scope, status, and supporting information are unchanged. Label that as a timing or document-version change, not as a claim-content change.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Produce an auditable claim-by-claim diff
Use one row per matched claim, retaining both the original values and your change classification. Include enough context for a reviewer to reproduce the match.
| Field | What to record |
|---|---|
| Match key | Vulnerability ID, stable product identity, and any version, platform, or component key used to match |
| Scope | Previous and current product/version scope, with additions, removals, expansions, or narrowed ranges called out |
| Status | Previous and current source-native labels |
| Rationale | Previous and current justification, impact explanation, or status notes |
| Action | Previous and current action or remediation, including product specificity where applicable |
| Timing | Statement and document timestamps and document versions |
| Classification | Literal field changes, semantic interpretation, or both, clearly distinguished |
| Review note | Any uncertain product match, unclear version, unsupported mapping, or unresolved ambiguity |
Keep claims found only in the old document, claims found only in the new document, and uncertain matches in separate sections. Useful classifications include:
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- Vulnerability/product claim added or removed.
- Product or version scope expanded, narrowed, or otherwise changed.
- Status changed, including movement into or out of investigation.
- Justification, impact explanation, or action/remediation added, removed, or changed.
- Document or statement timing/version changed without a claim-content change.
- Match is uncertain and needs issuer or human review.
Security tools can consume VEX statuses, but a machine-readable diff does not resolve unclear product identifiers, unsupported cross-format mappings, or semantic ambiguity. The reviewer must be able to see both the original fields and why the diff classified them as changed.
What OpenVEX and CSAF change in the workflow
The same comparison logic applies, but the document models and native fields differ. OpenVEX groups metadata and statements in JSON-LD. CSAF VEX is a profile within a CSAF advisory document and relates vulnerability status to products in the product tree. Preserve each format’s identifiers, status vocabulary, explanatory fields, and version semantics rather than flattening both formats into a common record that loses distinctions.
Supplier tooling illustrates why the detail matters. Cisco describes its VEX documents as CSAF-compliant and offers CVE and product/platform/release lookup. Separately, Microsoft Security Response Center announced on September 8, 2026, that it was publishing VEX statements for all Microsoft-assigned CVEs to support more machine-readable handling through security tooling. That dated supplier announcement is not a universal promise about every VEX issuer, nor does broader publication by itself mean customers need to deploy more updates.
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