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Create a toggle switch with a native <input type="checkbox">, an associated visible label, and CSS for its track and thumb. The browser keeps the real checked state and keyboard interaction; CSS changes how that state looks. Use switch semantics only when the control genuinely represents an immediate on/off setting.

Build the switch with a native checkbox

This example keeps the input in the tab order while visually clipping it. The visible label names the checkbox and lets users click the text or switch to change its state.

<label class="toggle">
  <span class="toggle__label">Enable notifications</span>
  <input class="toggle__input" type="checkbox">
  <span class="toggle__track" aria-hidden="true"></span>
</label>
.toggle {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.toggle__input {
  /* Keep the native control focusable and operable. */
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.toggle__track {
  position: relative;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 2.75rem;
  height: 1.5rem;
  border: 2px solid currentColor;
  border-radius: 999px;
  background: Canvas;
}

.toggle__track::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 2px auto 2px 2px;
  width: 1rem;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: currentColor;
  transition: transform 160ms ease;
}

.toggle__input:checked + .toggle__track {
  background: Highlight;
  color: HighlightText;
}

.toggle__input:checked + .toggle__track::before {
  transform: translateX(1.25rem);
}

.toggle__input:focus-visible + .toggle__track {
  outline: 3px solid currentColor;
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .toggle__track::before {
    transition: none;
  }
}

The adjacent-sibling selectors work because the input appears immediately before the track in the markup. :checked reflects the checkbox’s actual state, so the thumb cannot drift out of sync with the control. The reduced-motion rule removes the thumb animation for users who request less motion.

Choose semantics that match the setting

A switch communicates an on/off setting. A checkbox communicates checked or unchecked and can also support an indeterminate state. A toggle button is another option for a binary action or mode. The WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Guide notes that these patterns can be functionally interchangeable, but their meaning differs; pick the one that describes what the control does.

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Use the native checkbox above for a conventional form control. Its checked state is already exposed to assistive technology. Do not add redundant aria-checked or role="switch" to the native checkbox just to make its styling look like a switch. If the interface needs a partial or mixed state, a checkbox is more suitable than a binary switch.

Keep the control accessible

  • Give it a concise visible name. “Enable notifications” tells users what will change. The enclosing label associates that text with the input.
  • Keep keyboard focus visible. The clipped input remains focusable; :focus-visible draws an outline around the visible track when it receives keyboard focus.
  • Make both states distinguishable without color alone. The thumb moves as well as the track changing color. Keep a clear border and spacing so the state remains understandable in high-contrast presentations.
  • Group related settings meaningfully. For a set of switches, use a <fieldset> with a <legend>, or another appropriately labeled group.
  • Test the finished control. Check keyboard use, visual focus, high-contrast presentation, and the browser and assistive-technology combinations relevant to your product.

The WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Guide describes its switch example as illustrative, not production-ready, and says assistive-technology testing is essential before using example code in production. Its support warning includes possible gaps on mobile and touch combinations. Treat the sample here as a starting point and validate it in your own target environments.

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Understand the CSS and alternatives

Why visually hide the input?

The input is still a real form control: it can receive keyboard focus, be toggled, and submit its checked value when it has a name and is checked. The CSS clips its native box so the custom track is visible instead. Do not use display: none or visibility: hidden for this pattern; those remove the input from normal keyboard interaction.

When to use appearance: none

You can also restyle a checkbox by removing its native rendering with appearance: none. MDN notes that a checkbox styled this way can still be toggled by clicking its associated label. If you choose that approach, explicitly provide visible checked and focus indicators; removing the browser’s default appearance also removes its default visual cues.

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What the color keywords do

Canvas, Highlight, and HighlightText are system color keywords, which let the example draw on platform-aware colors rather than fixed color values. Check the resulting contrast and appearance in the themes and high-contrast modes your users may use.

Check common problems

  • The thumb does not move: confirm the input is immediately followed by .toggle__track and that the class names match the CSS. The + selector only matches the next sibling.
  • Clicking the label does nothing: keep the input inside the wrapping <label>, or associate a separate label with a matching for and input id.
  • Keyboard users cannot find the control: check that the input was not given display: none or visibility: hidden, and that the focus outline is not overridden by another rule.
  • The state is hard to distinguish: do not rely on a color change alone. Preserve a clear track border and the thumb’s movement, then test in high-contrast modes.
  • The switch’s form value is missing: give the checkbox a name; unchecked checkboxes are not included in ordinary form submission. If a form needs a value when off, handle that behavior deliberately in the form rather than assuming an unchecked checkbox submits a value.
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