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To convert numbered pinyin to tone marks, apply the tone digit to the syllable’s vowel: choose a first, then e, then o; if none appears, mark the last vowel. Tone 5 is neutral and normally stays unmarked. You can implement that rule yourself or use a pinyin-notation package. This transforms pinyin you already have; it does not determine pinyin readings from Chinese characters.
How the tone-mark rule works
For a syllable with a tone number from 1 to 4, select the vowel according to this priority: a, then e, then o, then the final vowel if none of those appears. Replace that vowel with the version bearing the tone mark for the digit. Dragon Mapper documents the same placement rule, and the pinyin-tone-convert package demonstrates numbered input converted to marks.
Tone 5 represents neutral tone in numbered notation and is generally written without a mark. For example, the package documents Ni3 hao3 ma5? converting to Nǐ hǎo ma?.
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A small converter is practical when your input grammar is narrow and controlled. The vowel rule alone does not define how to parse every possible pinyin string. Decide whether your application accepts space-separated syllables, connected syllables with digits embedded, uppercase letters, punctuation, and malformed input before relying on a conversion routine.
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Here is a basic implementation for strings where each syllable ends in a tone digit from 1 to 5. It preserves spaces and punctuation, converts lowercase and uppercase vowels, and leaves units it cannot parse unchanged. It treats v as an alias for ü only if you add that convention explicitly; this example does not.
const toneMarks = {
a: ["ā", "á", "ǎ", "à"],
e: ["ē", "é", "ě", "è"],
i: ["ī", "í", "ǐ", "ì"],
o: ["ō", "ó", "ǒ", "ò"],
u: ["ū", "ú", "ǔ", "ù"],
ü: ["ǖ", "ǘ", "ǚ", "ǜ"]
};
function convertSyllable(unit) {
const match = unit.match(/^(.*?)([1-5])$/);
if (!match) return unit;
const [, syllable, toneText] = match;
const tone = Number(toneText);
if (tone === 5) return syllable;
const vowels = [...syllable];
const lower = vowels.map(char => char.toLowerCase());
const target = ["a", "e", "o"].find(vowel => lower.includes(vowel))
?? [...lower].reverse().find(char => toneMarks[char]);
if (!target) return unit;
const index = lower.indexOf(target);
const marked = toneMarks[target][tone - 1];
vowels[index] = vowels[index] === vowels[index].toUpperCase()
? marked.toUpperCase()
: marked;
return vowels.join("");
}
function convertText(text) {
return text.replace(/[^s]+/g, convertSyllable);
}
console.log(convertText("Ni3 hao3 ma5?")); // Nǐ hǎo ma?This example’s tokenization is intentionally simple: it considers every uninterrupted non-space sequence a unit. That is suitable only if each such unit ends in one tone digit. In connected input such as Zhong1guo2ren2, the digits occur within the string, so this parser will not split the syllables correctly. Use a syllable-aware parser or a package for that format rather than assuming arbitrary digits in text are tone numbers.
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Validate the behavior your application needs
- Specify the accepted tone digits and whether digit 5 means neutral tone.
- Choose how to handle invalid syllables: reject the input, preserve it, or convert only valid units.
- Decide whether
vis accepted as a stand-in forü, and how capitalization should work. - Preserve or deliberately normalize spaces, apostrophes, and punctuation. Apostrophes can disambiguate syllable boundaries.
- Test syllables with multiple vowels against the placement priority, as well as syllables that need the final-vowel fallback.
Use a JavaScript package when the input is broader
The pinyin-tone-convert project documents npm installation, CommonJS usage, conversion of connected pinyin, and the vowel-placement rule. Check its package registry information and compatibility with your project before adopting it; package recency and maintenance have not been established here.
PinyinJS offers notation helpers such as applyToneMark and toneFromNotation. Its syllable utilities can be used without loading a Hanzi dictionary. Its documentation also exposes choices for tone marks, trailing or superscript numbers, no-tone output, capitalization, punctuation, apostrophes, and grouping. Those options matter when a converter is responsible for formatting whole strings rather than just replacing a vowel in a known syllable.
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Before selecting a package, check that its documented input and output conventions match your application: connected or separated syllables, neutral-tone handling, punctuation, capitalization, and invalid-input behavior. A library’s existence does not by itself establish that it accepts every pinyin convention your users may enter.
Keep pinyin conversion separate from Hanzi romanization
Number-to-mark conversion takes numbered pinyin as input. It does not read Chinese characters or determine which pronunciation applies in context. PinyinJS documents Hanzi-to-pinyin conversion as a separate, dictionary-based function and notes that readings depend on word context. If your input is Hanzi, you need a lexical conversion step that chooses readings before applying notation formatting.
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- The PC keyboard sticker is made of durable PVC material, with a matte texture that will provides a better touching and typing experience close to the original keyboard. Each individual keyboard key sticker is cut neatly, and is easy to apply and remove without glue left.
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- All size above is measured by manual, please allow +/-0.1 inch error.
Choose a Unicode output and verify rendering
Marked pinyin can be represented with precomposed Unicode characters or with a base vowel followed by a combining diacritic. A browser, font, or downstream text system may render or process those forms differently. The historical Pinyin.info discussion of combining diacritics describes older browser rendering issues; it is not evidence of current browser compatibility. Verify the actual output in the browsers, fonts, and systems your application supports.
For a dependable interface, make the output contract explicit: which Unicode representation you produce, whether neutral tone is unmarked, how punctuation and spacing are preserved, and what happens when input cannot be parsed. Then test representative input and output strings in the environments where users will see them.
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