Quick wins for a faster PC:
Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Use static type checking to catch mistakes in code your team controls; use runtime validation to check the actual values the program receives. In many applications—especially TypeScript services—you need both: a type annotation cannot verify that an HTTP request, stored value, or message really has the shape it claims.
What is the difference?
| Question | Static type checking | Runtime validation |
|---|---|---|
| When does it happen? | Before execution, during editing or a build/type-check step. | While the program runs, against an actual value. |
| What does it examine? | Whether code uses values in ways allowed by its declared types. | Whether a particular value has the required structure and satisfies relevant rules. |
| How does failure appear? | As a diagnostic that can block development or a build, depending on project setup. | As a parsing or validation failure that application code must handle. |
| What does it establish? | Useful guarantees about the program’s checked code paths; it does not establish that external data is valid. | Evidence that the value checked at that boundary passed the rules supplied to the validator. |
In TypeScript, interfaces, type annotations, and type assertions are erased at runtime. OWASP puts the security implication plainly: “Types are erased at runtime, so TypeScript alone enforces nothing against a malicious or malformed caller.” (OWASP JavaScript and TypeScript Security Cheat Sheet.)
When should you choose each approach?
Use static checking for code your team writes
Run static checks to catch incompatible assignments, unsafe operations, and other mistakes in code before it executes. In TypeScript, OWASP recommends enabling strict mode as a code-quality measure. Use unknown for values whose type is not known yet; unlike any, it requires code to narrow or validate the value before using it.
Use runtime validation at trust boundaries
Validate values when they enter from a source the program cannot guarantee: HTTP requests, external API responses, postMessage payloads, storage reads, or uploaded files. An annotation written by your application does not control what a caller, another service, or a persisted record actually sends. Apply security-sensitive validation on the trusted service layer, even if the browser also checks input for a better user experience.
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Use both when the application is typed and handles external data
Runtime validation checks the value that arrived; static checking helps ensure later code handles the accepted value consistently. A schema-first approach can connect these layers by using one schema to validate at runtime and infer a corresponding static type, reducing the risk that a separately maintained interface drifts away from the validator.
What should runtime validation check?
Validation should reflect what the application actually accepts, not just whether a value is a string or number. OWASP’s Developer Guide describes input validation as “a collection of techniques that ensure only properly formatted data may enter a software application or system component.” Its checklist recommends identifying trusted and untrusted sources, validating untrusted input, checking range and length, rejecting failures, and using allowlists where possible (OWASP Developer Guide: Validate All Inputs).
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- Structure: Require the expected object shape, fields, and nested values.
- Format: Check that values follow the format the application needs.
- Range and length: Set meaningful bounds, including limits that prevent excessive processing.
- Allowed values: Prefer an allowlist when only a known set of values is acceptable.
- Logical and contextual consistency: Check related values together when the application’s rules require them to make sense as a group.
Schema validation can provide broad coverage for JSON or XML interfaces, but a schema cannot supply business rules the team has not defined. OWASP’s Application Security Verification Standard 5.0 discusses validation of structure and business logic as related but distinct concerns (OWASP ASVS 5.0: Validation and Business Logic).
How to combine validation and types in TypeScript
- Receive the external value as
unknown. Do not treat an unverified request body, response, message, or stored value as a trusted application type. - Parse it with a runtime schema at the boundary. Define checks for the expected structure and any relevant format, range, allowlist, or business constraints.
- Handle failure explicitly. Reject the value or return an appropriate error; do not continue as if parsing succeeded.
- Use the parsed value thereafter. Where the schema library supports inference, derive the static type from the schema instead of keeping a parallel handwritten interface.
- Keep static checks enabled. Runtime checks do not replace type checking of the rest of the program.
Zod is one TypeScript-first schema-validation library. Its official documentation describes runtime parsing and static type inference (Zod documentation). The documentation currently describes Zod 4 as stable and says it is tested with TypeScript 5.5 and later, with strict required; check the current documentation for version-specific requirements before adopting it.
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What validation does not replace
Input validation is one security control, not a guarantee that an application is secure. OWASP says validation reduces attack surface and improves data quality, but it does not remove the need for correct output encoding, parameterization, or sanitization when data is used by another component or presented to a user. Client-side checks can improve usability, but OWASP ASVS 5.0 states: “While client-side validation improves usability and should be encouraged, it must not be relied upon as a security control.” Enforce security-sensitive rules on the server.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to decide when the cost is disputed
Validation work can matter in a high-traffic or performance-sensitive path, but there is no universal overhead figure or threshold that determines when to skip it. Measure the validator, schema, input size, and representative traffic in the application that will use them. Choose a library based on language support, schema interoperability, error handling, runtime or bundle constraints, and maintainability as well as measured performance.
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