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To check an on-premises Microsoft Exchange server, verify its exact version and build against Microsoft’s security-update guidance, then separately investigate whether it may have been compromised before patching. A patched build addresses known software vulnerabilities; it does not prove that an attacker never gained access. Microsoft’s 2021 ProxyLogon guidance and tools can help find signs of activity, but no single script result establishes or rules out a compromise.

What the checks can—and cannot—tell you

“HAFNIUM” refers to a threat actor Microsoft associated with a 2021 campaign exploiting on-premises Exchange vulnerabilities. Microsoft’s observed campaign involved CVE-2021-26855, CVE-2021-26857, CVE-2021-26858, and CVE-2021-27065. Finding a vulnerable build or suspicious activity does not, by itself, prove that HAFNIUM was responsible for activity on your network; that requires incident-specific analysis. See Microsoft’s HAFNIUM threat report.

  • Build and update verification tells you whether the software installed now includes relevant fixes, provided you identify the server’s exact release and update level.
  • Compromise investigation looks for evidence of past activity in logs, files, and endpoint alerts. Its conclusions depend on available evidence and tool coverage.

Neither a server that still works nor one that is reachable proves it is patched. Likewise, installing an update does not remove an attacker who may already have compromised the server.

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Inventory and verify every Exchange server

Check each on-premises Exchange server individually. Do not assume that servers in the same organization have identical builds or update levels. Record the server name, Exchange version, installed cumulative update/build, security update level, internet exposure or reverse-proxy placement, and whether the server is covered by Microsoft’s Extended Security Update (ESU) program.

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Compare each recorded build with Microsoft’s Exchange build numbers and release dates and the applicable Exchange security update guidance. Use guidance for the exact product release and confirm the update currently recommended by Microsoft. Record the installed build and update rather than relying on a general “patched” status.

Account for Exchange support status

Microsoft’s supportability matrix, as checked on October 9, 2026, lists Exchange Server Subscription Edition RTM as supported and says Exchange Server 2016 and 2019 reached end of support on October 14, 2025. Microsoft’s build guidance says enrolled ESU customers are eligible for security updates released from December 2025 onward for Exchange 2016 and 2019. Confirm current ESU eligibility and update guidance with Microsoft; organizations not enrolled should plan migration to Exchange Server Subscription Edition to continue receiving security updates.

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Check the current Exchange Server supportability matrix alongside the build and update guidance. Support status affects whether updates remain available; it does not tell you whether a server was exploited in the past.

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Look for possible past exploitation

Run Microsoft’s responder script

Microsoft recommends running Test-ProxyLogon.ps1 as administrator to analyze Exchange and IIS logs for possible attacker activity. Obtain the script from Microsoft’s CSS-Exchange Security tools and follow the current responder guidance. If an investigation lasts several days, Microsoft recommends downloading the script again at least daily because it may be updated.

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If the script detects activity, Microsoft says it reports vulnerability evidence and collects logs in the Test-ProxyLogonLogs output directory. Preserve those results and examine them alongside the underlying logs. The script is a triage aid, not a guarantee: a clean result cannot prove that no compromise occurred, especially if relevant logs are missing or other evidence is suspicious. See Microsoft’s responder guidance for investigating and remediating on-premises Exchange vulnerabilities.

Correlate Exchange, IIS, proxy, and endpoint evidence

For CVE-2021-26855 hunting, Microsoft identifies Exchange HttpProxy logs in %PROGRAMFILES%MicrosoftExchange ServerV15LoggingHttpProxy as useful. One clue described in Microsoft’s guidance is a log entry with an empty AuthenticatedUser and an AnchorMailbox matching ServerInfo~*/*. Treat this pattern as a lead to investigate, not proof that an exploit succeeded. Correlate it with other requests, logs, and system evidence using Microsoft’s HAFNIUM threat report and indicators.

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Also review relevant IIS and Exchange logs, suspicious files or web shells, and endpoint protection or EDR alerts. If traffic passed through a reverse proxy, its logs may be needed to interpret client addresses and requests. Consider whether the evidence shows activity after the initial access, not just an attempted request.

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Interpret findings and choose the next action

  • Build lacks an applicable security update: follow Microsoft’s current guidance to apply the update for that exact Exchange release. Historical workarounds, such as disabling selected virtual directories, were temporary mitigations with functional trade-offs—not guaranteed full protection or substitutes for updates.
  • The script or other evidence is suspicious: preserve logs and scan output, then investigate persistence, credential access, lateral movement, and other post-compromise activity. Bring in a qualified incident-response team if your organization lacks the expertise to do this safely.
  • The script reports nothing suspicious: do not treat that result as proof of a clean history. Continue investigating if the server was vulnerable while exposed, logs are incomplete, endpoint detections exist, or other activity is concerning.

Microsoft explicitly warns that its temporary mitigations are not remediation for an already-compromised server and do not evict an adversary. Patching is necessary to address vulnerable software, but a suspected compromise requires investigation and response as well. Read Microsoft’s Exchange vulnerability mitigation guidance for the limits and trade-offs of the historical mitigations.

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